A Critical Review of the Developmental Welfare State Thesis- The Patterns of Public-Private Pension Mix in East Asia

發展福利國家論述的批判檢視－東亞公私年金組合模式

葉崇揚(Chung-Yang Yeh) ； 劉鶴群(He-Chiun Liou)

《社會發展研究學刊》 23期 (2019/03) Pp. 160-195

https://doi.org/10.6687/JSDS.201903_(23).0006

摘要

By emphasising similarities in welfare state arrangements, East Asia is often recognised as a distinctive welfare state regime along with the other three welfare state regimes. Accordingly, the pattern of public-private pension mix is assumed to be similar in East Asian welfare states. In this paper, however, the authors argue that although the concept of the welfare state regime aids an understanding of the variations in welfare state arrangements across regimes or regions, it simultaneously underestimates intra-region variations. In fact, even though the public pension systems in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are thought to be Bismarckian public pension models, their patterns of public-private pension mix are very different. This contradicts the regime theorist’s assumption. In comparison with Japan and Korea, the occupational pension system in Taiwan is marginal. Japan and Korea are both characterised by a well-developed occupational pension system, although Korea is a latecomer in this respect. Why have they developed different patterns of public-private pension mix, if they are grouped into a single distinctive welfare regime? How can this be explained? In order to answer these questions, this paper first uses the concept of 'tier' and 'pillar' to understand the continuity and changes in public-private pension mix in East Asian welfare states. Second, this paper shows that the theoretical weakness of the developmental state is because it neglects variations in economic structure between East Asian countries, although it focuses on how social policy is subordinated to economic or industrial policy in East Asian welfare state development.

關鍵字

East Asian welfare state regime ； the developmental state ； public-private pension mix ； Japan ； Korea and Taiwan

並列摘要

透過研究福利國家政策的相似性，東亞包括日本、韓國和臺灣的福利國家通常被認為是獨特的福利國家體制，因此，東亞福利國家的公私年金組合模式也被認為是相似的。然而在本文中，作者們認為，雖然福利國家制度的概念有助於理解不同體制或地區的福利國家政策的變化，但同時也低估了區域內的差異。事實上，儘管日本、韓國和臺灣的公共年金體系都被認為是俾斯麥式的公共年金模式，但它們的公私年金模式卻各自不同，這就與福利體制學者的假設相矛盾了。與日本和韓國相比，臺灣的職業年金制度是微不足道的。儘管韓國在這方面是後來者，但它與日本都以具有發達的職業年金制度為特性。如果這三個國家被歸為同一個獨特的福利制度，它們又為什麼會發展出不同的公私年金組合模式？這個怎麼解釋呢？為了回答這些問題，本文首使用「等級」和「支柱」的概念來理解東亞福利國家公私年金組合的連續性和變化性。其次，本文表明，發展國家理論之弱點在於，即使它側重於社會政策如何從屬於東亞福利國家發展的經濟或產業政策，它卻忽略了東亞各國之間經濟結構的差異。

並列關鍵字

東亞福利國家體制 ； 發展國家 ； 公私年金組合 ； 日本 ； 韓國和臺灣

參考文獻

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