葡萄之營養缺乏與過多症狀及常見之生理障礙

The Symptoms of Umtrinent Deficiency and Excess in Grapevine and Its Physiological Disorders

謝慶芳(Ching-Fang Hsieh)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 14號 (1988/12) Pp. 99-111

摘要

台灣葡萄最嚴重的問題是氮肥或有機肥料使用過多，導致枝葉過份徒長茂盛，而影響開花結果或因產量過多使品質低劣。磷肥在新闢之葡萄園多數太低，而容易引起徒長與開花不良現象，或引起腫瘤病而使枝條枯死。鉀為所有營養元素當中缺乏最為普遍之元素，一般以酸性土壤地區缺乏症狀發生最嚴重，中性以上土壤缺乏症狀較為輕微。鈣鎂在酸性土壤地區都普遍缺乏，尤以砂質紅土最嚴重。微量元素方面，中性以上或石灰質土常有錳、鐵之缺乏症狀，缺硼症狀則偶而可以在石灰使用過多之葡萄發生，缺銅症狀則在各種土壤包括強酸性紅土和中性以上之粘板岩沖積土都常常可以發現，尤其第二期作葡萄在天氣轉冷之後最易發生。生理障礙方面，流花和單性結果主要發生於氮肥與灌水太多以致枝葉過分繁茂，而又氣候不好日照不足之果園，尤以新園較多。裂果多數發生於一期作葡萄，初期長期乾旱，到後期常常下雨，土壤潮濕，有利於吸收大量肥料之情形。脫粒和日燒病多數發生於氮肥和灌水太多或排水不良之果園。著色不良主要原因是產量過高，但一期作成熟期之高溫，二期作後期之低溫、落葉、日照不足也是重要原因，營養方面則鉀、鈣、鎂等之缺乏都會造成著色不良。寒害則以二期作後期之寒流使葡萄葉片嚴重黃化脫落，對品質之影響最大；但一期作抽花期偶而也會遇到霜害或寒流，而傷害剛抽出之花蕾。殺草劑使用不當常使葡萄嚴重歉收，開花期前後應絕對避免使用。

並列摘要

The weather and soil conditions of the tropical Taiwan are generally worse than those of the temperate areas, therefore the grapevine of temperate zone origin express many problems in nutrition and physiology. In nutrition, heavy doses of nitrogen fertilizers or organic materials caused excessive growth and lower fruit quality or poor fruit setting. Besides, the deficiency of the macro-elements such as P, K, Ca, Mg and the micro-elements such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Binduced many problems in orchard management. In this article, the author made a general description on the functions and the management of the nutrient elements under different soil conditions. The unfavorable weather condition and uncorrect management of orchard soil also caused many physiological disorders, such as flower shedding, parthenocarpy, berry splitting, berry dropping, sun-burn and poor coloring. Unproper spraying of herbicides hurt the vines in different extents. The author also discussed the causes and suggested resolutions on those symptoms.