宗教組織與水利系統：蒙元時期山西水利社會中的僧道團體探析

Religious Organizations and Irrigation Systems: Buddhist and Daoist Organizations in Shanxi Irrigation Societies under Mongol Rule

王錦萍(Jin-Ping Wang)

《歷史人類學學刊》 9卷1期 (2011/04) Pp. 25-59

摘要

蒙元時期，山西社會中佛道組織與地方水利系統之間存在密切的內在聯繫。佛道人士的特權地位、組織勢力和經濟實力，與其對重建地方社會的貢獻相輔相成，成為他們在地方水利社會中威信的來源。許多寺觀住持成為地方水利組織的管理者，領導地方民眾開挖渠道，主持日常的分水和渠道管理事務，有的甚至能制定僧道寺觀優先的用水秩序。在水神信仰領域，僧道組織也在水神祭祀、神廟管理和水神形象的塑造等方面，對地方水利系統產生了深遠的影響。元末明初以後宗教組織在地方水利系統中角色的淡化，與佛道人士失去蒙古統治時期享有的特權地位，及鄉村社會關係和宗教秩序的重組相關。在這一過程中，水利系統中的水神祭祀空間與佛道寺觀逐漸分離。

關鍵字

山西 ； 宗教組織 ； 水利系統 ； 水神信仰 ； 村廟

並列摘要

Buddhist and Daoist organizations were closely connected to local irrigation systems in Shanxi during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries under the Mongol Yuan dynasty. The privileged social status, organizational abilities and control over economic resources enjoyed by Buddhist and Daoist clergy, coupled with their efforts to rebuild local society after wars and natural disasters , served as the basis for their authority in local irrigation systems. Abbots of Buddhist and Daoist monasteries frequently served as managers of irrigation associations. They organized local people to construct irrigation projects and took charge of regular water distribution and water management. In some cases they set up regulatory systems that favored their own monastic communities. Buddhist and Daoist communities also influenced the local cults of water gods associated with irrigation systems, through their performance of sacrifices to water deities, contributions to the rebuilding and management of temples, and shaping of representations of water gods. The presence of Buddhist and Daoist communities in local irrigation systems weakened in the late Yuan and early Ming periods, when these clergy gradually lost the privileged status they had enjoyed under Mongol rule. Meanwhile, villagers sought to take over the clergy's monastic property and transformed Buddhist and Daoist institutions into village temples. The sacred space for worshipping water gods gradually separated from Buddhist and Daoist monasteries.

並列關鍵字

Shanxi ； religious organizations ； irrigation systems ； cults of water gods ； village temples