「靈力經濟」中的廟宇與社區－以臺灣竹山紫南宮為例

Temple and Community in ＂The Economy of Spiritual Power＂: the Chu- Shan Zinangong Temple of Zhushan, Taiwan

陳緯華(Wei- Hua Chen) ； 莊英章(Ying-Chang Chuang)

《歷史人類學學刊》 13卷2期 (2015/10) Pp. 115-164

摘要

許多廟宇逐漸朝「觀光型」廟宇的方向發展，是當代民間信仰中一個令人囑目的現象。這些廟宇是如何從一個傳統型的廟宇向新型態的廟宇發展？在這當中，傳統與現代之間有看什麼樣的延續與轉變？而廟宇與社區之間的關係在這樣的發展中，又產生了什麼樣的變化？本文以紫南宮為例，從「靈力經濟」的角度對這些問題進行討論。清代紫南宮因地處交通樞紐，因而能夠擁有由社會網絡構成的強大社會資本，並藉此來發展廟宇，但也隨著交通地位的喪失而失去原本的社會資本導致廟宇的衰落。1980年代起，紫南宮首先從傳統的再造開始，接著引入國家資源的幫助，再結合現代行銷技巧，從而超越了傳統對「社會資本」的依賴，逐漸建構出新的「文化資本」，使廟宇從傳統的「自發型」走向「建構型」靈力經濟，轉型成為一個觀光型的廟宇，並透過興盛的香火與豐厚的金錢回饋，重建原本已經瓦解的清代祭祀圈。

關鍵字

廟宇觀光 ； 傳統的再造 ； 社區營造 ； 廟宇經營 ； 靈力經濟

並列摘要

The transformation of some popular religious temples into tourist sites is an aspect of contemporary popular religion that has attracted much attention. It raises many questions. How do such temples transform from traditional into new forms? What kinds of continuity and transformation are involved in this transition from traditional to modem? How does the relationship between temple and community change as a result of this process? This article uses the theoretical perspective of ＂economy of spiritual power＂ and the Zi Nan Gong as a case study to discuss these questions. In the Qing dynasty, on the basis of its location at a transportation hub, the Zi Nan Gong garnered great social capital from its social network. The subsequent loss of this special location initiated a decline in the temple's fortunes. But beginning in the 1980s, the Zi Nan Gong actively recreated its old traditions, benefitting from state support as well as modem marketing acumen to transcend its traditional reliance on ＂social capital＂ and develop new forms of ＂cultural capital＂. This led to a further transformation from a spontaneous to a constructivist economy of spiritual power. Zi Nan Gong became a tourist temple. Moreover, relying on the prosperity of temple operations and large donations, it was able to rebuild the Qing- era ritual community(jisi quan) that had disintegrated by the end of the Japanese colonial period.

並列關鍵字

temple tourism ； re- creation of tradition ； community empowerment ； temple management ； economy of spiritual power