佛教驅邪鎮煞祖師普庵（1115－1169）的一個歷史詮釋

勞格文與葉明生在20世紀90年代於閩西北所發現半佛半道的「普庵教」，改變了我們過去以為宗教驅邪鎮煞儀式是道教的天下的看法。然而，作為地方儀式專家的祖師普庵，他同時也是禪宗內臨濟法系一位大徹大悟的禪師。他如何搖身一變成為一位民間的「南泉山萬法教主」？究竟田野中所見的普庵與佛藏經典中所見的普庵是否同屬一人？又抑根本是民間儀式專家對「高僧」的一種攀附以提升自身傳統的地位？本文以近年出版的《南泉慈化寺文庫》，結合藏經中的僧傳傳世資料，嘗試對普庵禪師作一個歷史詮釋。據現時的資料，普庵恐怕沒有創立過任何儀式傳統。他的符、咒全是後人的創造。普庵咒的出現不早於元代，他的符現時最早見到的民間科儀本更要遲至清代。

關鍵字

普庵；慈化寺；慈昱；南泉教主

並列摘要

The discovery of the Buddho-Taoist ritual tradition known as the Pu'anjiao in northwest Fujian by John Lagerwey and Ye Ming Sheng has changed the previous view that all exorcism rituals belong to Taoism. Pu'an, the patriarch for a regional ritual tradition, was at the same time an enlightened Chan master belonging to the Linji school of Buddhism. How did Pu'an become a patriarch of a ritual tradition with the title of 'master of ten thousand methods from the Mt. Nanquan'? Was it merely an association with a person of high social status by the ritual masters from the grassroots level? Using the recently published collection of texts from the Cihua Monastery (Nanquan Cihua wenku) and all other related texts from the Buddhist canon, this article engages in a historical interpretation of the monk Pu'an. This article argues that there is no textual evidence to support Pu'an has ever created that ritual tradition. Both his mantra and talisman were created after his death. His mantra appeared no earlier than the Yuan, and his talisman probably appeared as late as the Qing dynasty.

並列關鍵字

Pu'an ； the Cihua monastery ； Ciyu ； Nanquanjiaozhu

參考文獻

韓明士著，皮慶生譯，《道與庶道：宋代以來的道教、民間信仰和神靈模式》(南京：江蘇人民出版社，2007)。原著為: Robert Hymes, Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion and Models of Divinity in Sung and Modern China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002)。