論全人教育中的人學思考

Essay on the anthtropological thinkings of holistic education

向鴻全(Hong-Chuan Hsiang)

《通識教育與多元文化學報》 6期 (2016/07) Pp. 1-16

摘要

「人學」是從哲學這個思維的最高層次上對人自己的反思──它要求在概括等總結當代有關人的學科──如人文學科（哲學、文學、歷史、藝術）、自然科學（物理學、生物學、化學、天文學）、社會科學（人類學、政治學、經濟學、倫理學、心理學）和應用科學（如生命科學、醫學）的成就基礎上，闡明「人是什麼」或「如何做人」的基本道理；進一步地說，「人學」是從整體上研究人的存在、人性和人的本質、人的活動和發展的一般規律，以及人生價值、目的、道路等基本原則的學問。目前台灣關於「人學」的研究，已有極豐富多元的成果，如從哲學、神學、心理學、社會學或自然科學等出發的人學，也就是說，「人學」的內容和意義已經在各種學科向度內進行討論與研究。然而近年來受到愈來愈多關注的「全人」（holistic）教育，卻無法與「人學」脫鈎；最主要的原因，當然是由於這兩種概念，都是以「人」為研究對象與目的，而「人學」主要的學術範疇大多被範限與定義在「人文學」（humanities），與強調具備心理與教育基礎的全人教育開始有了差異。本文的研究目的，即在於透過對「人學」關注的議題與主要經典內容，爬梳其理論的根基、與其可能具備的本土意義與時代性；除此之外，「人學」思想中關於人的價值與意義，也足以資全人教育理論的補充與延長；因此，「人學」實應該做為全人教育的基礎，同時，當代科學研究中關於人或人性的種種新的議題與思考，更可做為全人教育的時代發展與詮釋。

關鍵字

人學 ； 全人教育 ； 通識教育

並列摘要

＂Humanity＂ is the reflection of people their own from the highest level of the philosophy - It requires generalizations about people based their achievement on natural science (anthropology, life sciences, medicine, psychology, etc.) and social science (literature, history, political science, law, ethics, economics, etc.). It clarifies the basic principal of ＂what man is＂ and ＂how to be one＂. Furthermore, ＂humanity＂ is the study of human existence, human nature and human nature, human activities and development as a whole. It is the basic principles of learning in the value of life, purpose, roads, etc. There are very rich and diverse outcomes from philosophy, theology, psychology, sociology or natural sciences in Taiwan's current research on ＂human science＂. In other words, the content and meaning of ＂humanity＂ have been discussed in a variety of disciplines and research. In recent years, more and more attention is received by the ＂whole person＂ (Holistic) education, but it is unable to be decoupled with the ＂human science＂. The main reason is due to these two concepts are mostly based on ＂people＂ as the research object and purpose - the academic areas of the ＂humanity＂ are mostly limited and defined in the ＂humanities＂. Therefore, it starts to have differences in the ＂psychological-and-educational-emphasized＂ holistic education. The theme of this research paper is to emphasize that ＂humanity＂ should be the foundation of holistic education through the discussion in the concerned issues of ＂humanity＂ and the majority of the classical content; through theoretical foundation, its local significance and times. Besides, the value and meaning of ＂humanity＂ are enough to complement and extend the theory of holistic education. Meanwhile, the contemporary scientific research on a variety of new issues and thinking in man or humanity can also be used to be the development and interpretation of holistic education era.

並列關鍵字

anthtropological thinkings ； holistic education ； general education