透過您的圖書館登入
IP:3.128.199.210
  • 期刊

李通玄の教判論における世俗への視點

Focus on the Mundane World in Li Tongxuan’s Tenet Classification

摘要


八世紀初頭、唐代の中國で獨自の華嚴思想を築き上げた李通玄は、教相判釋(判教)にもその獨自性がうかがえる。それは教相を經典ごとに辨别するという形式的な新奇さに留まるものではない。中でも重要なのが慈悲行の實踐の場としての「世俗」の重視である。李通玄は自心の根本智によって開顯される無自性空の「理」が「事」として具現化されるこの俗世間こそ、華嚴菩薩道の實踐の場であるとした。李通玄の判教には「入法界品」の解釋を通じて彼が展開した俗世に於ける智悲成熟の過程としての菩薩道論が反映されているのである。李通玄は『新華嚴經論』の玄談で「十門之别」を設定し、『華嚴經』がその他の經典・教說に比べて優れている點を說くが、その第二に「依宗教别」として佛陀一代の教說と宗趣を解析している。李通玄は佛の教說として①有教(小乘)、②破有明空教(般若經)、③不空不有教(解深密經)、④說仮即真教(楞伽經)、⑤即俗恆真教(維摩經)、⑥引権帰實起信教(法華經)、⑦令諸三乘捨権向實教(涅槃經)、⑧於剎那之際通摂十世円融無始終前後通該摂教(華嚴經)、⑨共不共教、⑩不共共教を列挙する。ここで注意すべきなのは第一に『解深密經』が「和會空有」「令偏見者不滯 空有二門」とされ、「空」はあくまでも再び「有」と和會されるべきとする點であり、第二點として『法華經』『涅槃經』の教えは共に「権」から「實」へと衆生を導く教えとされる點である。李通玄の言う「権」とは「有浄土穢土自佛他佛欣厭等諸邪見不稱真障」ということであり、「實」とは「一切有情皆有佛性、如佛無異、但爲無明覆故不見」であって、『華嚴經』が說く「爲法界體無礙故、如円珠無方、如明鏡頓照、如虛空無隔、如響無依、如影不礙」という境地だというのである。ここには「浄穢・彼此」の區别に拘泥することへの執拗な批判がある。李通玄は善財童子が菩薩道を問い、求めて歩く「入法界品」を『華嚴經』の正宗分としたが、そこで說かれる菩薩道とは、出世間的な智慧である根本智・空慧を基盤としながらも、再び「純是善入世間。無求出世佛果故」と、この「世俗」の場に立ち返り、「純是利他」の行に至るものである。これまで李通玄の思想は根本智・空慧を重視した點が強調されてきたが、その先に展開する菩薩行に改めて光を當ててみれば、李通玄の判教にも、「隨生死流轉波浪不息之大苦海」でありながら同時に「文殊普賢常遊止之華林園苑」でもある俗世間でこそ佛道は實踐・成就されるべきだとの主張が見えてくるだろう。

關鍵字

李通玄 新華嚴經論 十時教判 世俗 智悲

並列摘要


Li Tongxuan, a 7-8 century Huayan practitioner, established a unique Huayan thought of his own in Tang China. The originality of Li’s tenet classification (panjiao) lies, not only in the structure of his classification based on individual sūtras rather than sets of teachings, but also in his focus on the mundane world (shisu) as the place of actual practices of compassion. It is in the mundane world that the Principle (li) of non-self/emptiness, guided by the transcendental Fundamental Wisdom (genbenzhi) within one’s mind, is given shape in acts of compassion as the Phenomenal (shi). It is this basic idea of the bodhisattvas’ practice that permeates Li’s tenet classification. In the theoretical introductory section ( xuantan) of his New Treatise on the Huayan Sūtra (Xin Huayan jing lun), Li Tongxuan presents his Ten Gates of Differences (of the Huayan Sūtra from others) to assert the primacy of the Huayan Sūtra . His tenet classification is presented in the second gate. There, Li focuses on the integration of the (phenomenal) existence (you) with emptiness (wu) and the integration of the conventional ( jia) with the True (zhen). This return to the mundane is a factor that cannot be underestimated in Li's Hua yan thought. The second point to be noticed is that Li regards the Lotus Sūtra and the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra as gateways from the Expedient teachings (quan) to the Real (shi). Li explains the Expedient as "erroneous views of discriminating between Pure Land/Defiled Land, Self - Buddhahood/Other -Buddhahood, likes/dislikes that do not correspond to the truth." On the other hand , Li claims that the Real teaching expounds the view that "all sentient beings have Buddha nature and have no difference with the Buddha; only that they cannot see this being o verwhelmed b y ignorance." Li asserts that the realm of Real teachings as found in the Huayan Sūtra is "without corners like a perfect globular jewel, directly illuminates like a clear mirror, without distance like the void, boundless like an echo, unobstructed like a shadow; as the essence of the dharmadhātu is without obstruction." Li severely criticizes the obsession with the distinction between Pure Lands and Defiled Lands, of the here and there, namely, of the transcendental and the mundane. Based on the chapter "Entr y into the Dharmadhatu" (rufajie pin) of the Huayan Sūtra , Li laid out a theory of bodhisattvahood which elaborates on the process of mutual cultivation of wisdom and compassion, which culminates in the practice of "pure altruism" in the mundane world "without longing for Buddhahood in a transcendental realm". Although hitherto, much of the focus on Li Tongxuan's Hua yan thought has been placed on his notion of the Fundamental Wisdom, from his tenet classification, too, we can see how he believed that a bodhisattva's practices should be based on the mundane world which i s "a great ocean of endless suffering in repeated births and deaths" but at the same time "the Garden with blossoming trees where the bodhisattvas Mañjuśrī and Samantabhadra stroll and rest."

延伸閱讀