宋代的小學教育

Elementary Education in the Sung Dynasty 960-1279

周愚文(yu-wen Chou)

《教育研究集刊》 36期 (1995/06) Pp. 107-141

https://doi.org/10.6910/BER.199506_(36).0002

摘要

本文旨在探討宋代官辦的小學教育，在此之前，小學教育是貴冑子弟為主，宋代始開平民之門。宋代小學的設立，仁宗時已開其端，大規模設立，則是徽宗崇寧以後。惟其非單獨設置，而是附於太學或現有的州縣學，人數在數十人間。小學內設主要教諭及小長各一員，人員由地方官選任，資格不一，待遇恐不高。小學的經費，主要來自學屬學產，而出以學生廩食為主。其學生主要是平民子弟，須身家清白且品行端正，修業時間約在八至十五歲間，在學期間享有廩食。小學的課程，初以識字、習字、讀經、吟詩為主，後以習字與誦經為主，此可能受到了科舉的影響。總之，宋代小學教育伴隨太學及州縣學的發展，提供給平民更多接受教育的機會。

並列摘要

The main purpose of this paper is to study the provision of elementary education in the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.). Before the Sung Dynasty, most opportunities of elementary education were provided for the offspring of the noble. From that onwards, opportunities for the offspring of the commons increased tremendously and fast. Elementary schools were established by the local governments which size were small normally, affliated with county or prefecture schools, and charged by a few staffs. Major income from their property were paid for the cost of pupils' food. The majority of pupils of those schools, age from 8 to 15, were recruited from the offspring of intellectuals and farmers, respectable descent, and good character was another necessary condition for admission. The main courses in elementary schools were handwriting and read classes, which were influenced by the civil servant examination. The development of elementary schools as well as that of state university and local public schools increased the educational opportunities of the descent of the commons tremendously than ever before.