晚清華僧移民大馬的宗派研究－以漳州南山寺「喝雲派」為例

佛教傳入馬來半島為時甚早，西元三世紀，佛教傳到亞洲大部分地區，中國與中南半島乃至南洋諸島國的交通往來，也大約始於西元三世紀前後。隨著十九世紀末葉及二十世紀初華人大規模移民馬來半島，特別是1840年鴉片戰爭後，沿海一帶過去自給自足的經濟瓦解，造成農村農民破產，許多人被迫離鄉背井前往東南亞謀生，所形成的這股移民潮，以福建人占多數，主要分布在新加坡、馬來西亞、菲律賓及越南等地區。福建漳泉移民、移工於南洋的致富，對宗教捐資之熱情成為閩僧移錫募款的目標之一。與此同時，國內佛教衰弱，缺乏財力支撐佛教事業，導致許多寺院凋敝破敗，為恢復祖庭，近代閩僧如福州西禪寺微妙、鼓山湧泉寺妙蓮、莆田龜洋福清寺平章、漳州南山寺喜參、南安雪峰寺轉初等等，皆南遊勸募。本文旨在探討晚清自十九世紀末以降，漳州南山寺「喝雲派」下南洋的弘法活動。

關鍵字

南洋；福建；漳州；南山寺；喝雲派

並列摘要

The transmission of Buddhism into the Malay Peninsula occurred early on, in the third century C.E. Buddhism's spread throughout Asia, as well as China's contact with the mainland and islands of Southeast Asia began around the same time. Large scale emigration from China to the Malay Peninsula occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially after the Opium War in the 1840s. The self-sufficient economy in Chinese coastal areas collapsed, causing rural farmers to go bankrupt, and forcing many people to leave their homes to make a living in Southeast Asia. This wave of immigrants, which was dominated by Fujianese, went to Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Emigrant laborers from the cities of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in the Fujian Province became wealthy and made generous donations to religion. This in turn became a reason for monks from Fujian to move there or visit for fundraising. At the same time, Buddhism in China declined and many temples went into disrepair due to lack of financial support. To rebuild these temples, contemporary reformers from Fujian visited those regions for fundraising. Such figures include Weimiao of the Xichan Temple in Fuzhou, Miaolian of Yongquan temple in Gushan, Pingzhang of Fuqing temple near Putian, Xican of Nanshan temple in Zhangzhou, and Zhuanchu of Xuefeng temple in Nan'an. This article focuses on the missionary activities in Southeast Asia of the Heyunpai 喝雲派 lineage from Nanshan temple in Zhangzhou beginning in the late nineteenth century.