日本自由業者權益保護立法動向之初探

日本將平台美食外送員等新型態工作者稱為自由業者，近年來隨著自由業者人數增加，報酬未給付、報酬給付遲延、工作事故等問題頻繁發生。日本在歷經將近6年的時間對於自由業者的界定、保護內容及保護方式進行討論後，於2023年4月28日通過成立自由業者公平法。日本向來以勞工及非勞工二分法作為適用勞工法與否的標準，對於自由業者的權益，日本面臨是否要改變傳統的二分法，以新設中間類型勞工方式保護自由業者的抉擇。最終，日本並未採取新設中間類型勞工方式，而是採取融合經濟法與勞工法方式以保護自由業者。本文希冀藉由探討日本自由業者公平法的立法，對台灣日後新型態工作者之權益規範或可供若干參考。

關鍵字

自由業者；中間類型勞工；報酬給付；工作事故；日本勞基法

並列摘要

In Japan, new types of workers, such as food delivery platform workers, are called freelancers. With the increase in the number of freelancers in recent years, problems have occurred frequently such as non-payment, delayed payment of compensation, and occupational injuries. It took six years of discussion on the definition of a freelancer, the degree, and the method of protection of freelancers. After that, the bill passed the Diet on April 28, 2023. In Japan, labor law protection systems have been developed mainly for protecting workers in standard employment. But this protection system based on the traditional dogmatic framework does not apply to freelancers. As for the protection of freelancers, the Japanese government was in a difficult situation of whether to create a separate category of employee-like persons in the traditional dogmatic frameworks of the labor law. The new bill has established a system by which the protection system provided by the Labor Standards Act and the Act against Delay in Payment of Subcontract Proceeds, etc. to Subcontractors could be utilised, instead of creating a new category of employee-like persons. This paper aims to analyze the legislative process of the Japanese new law for freelancers and provide recommendations on future legislation for the rights of freelancers in Taiwan.