明代漕运“运法三变”新探

A New Study of the "Three Major Reforms of Tribute Grain Transport System" in the Ming Dynasty

吴滔(WU Tao) ； 张春芳(ZHANG Chun-fang)

《史学集刊》 207期 (2023/07) Pp. 35-44

摘要

自永乐朝始，以“远运”为基调的漕运体制逐渐替代洪武年间的民运系统，开启了明代漕运制度从支运到兑运的改革进程。从“三运之法”到“运法三变”，军民联运的格局由纯粹的运役掺入了更多的经济因素，以“改兑法”的实施为标志形成了理论上的“粮皆军运”。然而，上有政策，下有对策，民运始终没有彻底退出漕运舞台，运军成为漕粮运输的主体才是“运法三变”之实质。

關鍵字

三运之法 ； 军民联运 ； 支运 ； 兑运

並列摘要

Since the reign of Emperor Yongle(永乐), the water transport system based on "Yuan transport"(远运, long distance, great amount and huge cost of transportation) gradually replaced the civil transportation system of Hongwu(洪武) period, which initiated the process of reforming tribute grain transport system from Zhi transport(支运)to Dui transport(兑运)in the Ming Dynasty. From the "three methods of grain transport"(sea transportation, river and land transportation and Dezhou warehouse transportation) to "three major reforms of tribute grain transport system"(Zhi, the combination of Zhi and Dui, Dui), the pattern of civil-military combined transport has been mixed with more economic factors. Therefore, grain transport was no longer simply a matter of labor service. The implementation of Gaidui(改兑, direct transportation) method was the symbol for the formation of "all grain is transported by the army" in theory. However, the civil transport never completely vanished. The essence of the "three major reforms of tribute grain transport system" lies in the fact that the army has become the main body of grain transportation.

並列關鍵字

three methods of grain transport ； civilian-military joint transport ； Zhi transport(支运, relay transport) ； Dui transport(兑运, the army being responsible for the grain transport, and the people paying the expenses)