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兒童踢球動作型式之轉移:工作限制與年齡效應

Transitions of Children's Kicking Patterns: Task Constraints and Age Effects

摘要


This study was designed to examine kicking patterns' transition of children as a function of environmental constraints and age-differences. Based on the affordance concept and dynamical systems perspective, it was hypothesized that kicking patterns could be influenced by task constraints and transitions would take place at a specific critical ball size. Participants consisted of 3 groups (5-yr-old, 8-yr-old, and 11-yr-old) each group had of 16 children. Each participant was asked to kick a stationary ball, which was scaled up in individual height with using 4 levels of constraints (height×l0%, 15%, 20%, 25%). Systematic observation using component approach was utilized for analyzing filmed kicking trials. Mixed-design two-way ANOVA, 3(age)×4(ball size) and Tukey's HSD Post Hoc test were administered for statistical analyses. Findings were(1)ages and ball sizes to leg component pattern had the main effect (p<.05, ES=.68, .11, Power=1, .94), the component pattern of 11-yr-old was significantly higher than that of 5-yr-old, 8-yr-old; in those component patterns of no.1 and no. 2 were significantly lower than those of no.3 and no.4; there was no interaction between ages and task constraints (p>.05, ES=.02, Power=.25), and (2) transitions appeared at the critical ball size to the different age groups: 5-yr-old group at no. 3 level; both 8-yr-old and 11-yr-old groups at no. 2 level had unstable kicking patterns. The findings showed that the ball size was a factor in changing kicking pattern, kicking pattern was influenced by ball size, which in a specific critical ball size would initiate unstable patterns, and there were age-differences in the kicking patterns.

關鍵字

環境賦使 動態系統 轉移 工作限制

並列摘要


This study was designed to examine kicking patterns' transition of children as a function of environmental constraints and age-differences. Based on the affordance concept and dynamical systems perspective, it was hypothesized that kicking patterns could be influenced by task constraints and transitions would take place at a specific critical ball size. Participants consisted of 3 groups (5-yr-old, 8-yr-old, and 11-yr-old) each group had of 16 children. Each participant was asked to kick a stationary ball, which was scaled up in individual height with using 4 levels of constraints (height×l0%, 15%, 20%, 25%). Systematic observation using component approach was utilized for analyzing filmed kicking trials. Mixed-design two-way ANOVA, 3(age)×4(ball size) and Tukey's HSD Post Hoc test were administered for statistical analyses. Findings were(1)ages and ball sizes to leg component pattern had the main effect (p<.05, ES=.68, .11, Power=1, .94), the component pattern of 11-yr-old was significantly higher than that of 5-yr-old, 8-yr-old; in those component patterns of no.1 and no. 2 were significantly lower than those of no.3 and no.4; there was no interaction between ages and task constraints (p>.05, ES=.02, Power=.25), and (2) transitions appeared at the critical ball size to the different age groups: 5-yr-old group at no. 3 level; both 8-yr-old and 11-yr-old groups at no. 2 level had unstable kicking patterns. The findings showed that the ball size was a factor in changing kicking pattern, kicking pattern was influenced by ball size, which in a specific critical ball size would initiate unstable patterns, and there were age-differences in the kicking patterns.

參考文獻


Burton, A. W.,Davis, W. B.(1996).Ecological task analysis: Utilizing intrinsic measures in research and practice.Human Movement Science.15,285-314.
Burton, A. W.,Davis, W. E.(1992).Optimizing the involvement and performance of children with physical impairments in movement activities.Pediatric Exercise Science.4,236-248.
Burton, A. W.,Miller, D. E.(1998).Movement skill assessment.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
Capra, F.(1996).The web of life: A new scientific understanding of living systems.New York:Anchor Book.
Davis, W. E.,Burton, A. W.(1991).Ecological task analysis: Translating movement behavior theory into practice.Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly.8,154-177.

被引用紀錄


Peng, W. G. W. (2002). 晚期兒童之環境知覺與踢球動作支撐腳參數:身體比率 [master's thesis, National Taiwan Normal University]. Airiti Library. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-1904200714244680

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