摘要
貧血之定義爲每立方毫米血液中血色素、血容積或是紅血球數目低於正常值，而不同年齡層的紅血球正常值也不同，因此，兩歲臆（6-23個月）、學齡前（2-5歲）及學齡（6-12歲）的小孩如果血色素分別各低於10gm/dL、11gm/dL，就要進一步檢查。兒科貧血的原因有很多，和大人不同之處以遺傳性貧血症佔較重的地位；不同年齡層的貧血原因也不盡相同，嬰兒早期常見的如：ABO不合之生兒溶血性貧血、出血性貧血、後天溶血性貧血；嬰兒後期及兒童常見的如：感染或慢性疾病引起的貧血、再生不良性貧血、後天溶血性貧血、海洋性貧血、遺傳性細胞膜或酵素缺掐之貧血。本文先介紹從肝脾到骨髓的造血系統，紅血球不足可能産生的症狀，紅血球形狀與疾病的關系，貧血帶來骨骼之變化，最後強調海洋性貧血在台灣之重要性。至於治療之方法如：鐵劑、葉酸、維生素B12、類固醇、輸血、排鐵劑、抗胸腺細胞球蛋白、脾臓切除及骨髓移植，則依不同的診斷，施於適當的治療。
關鍵字
無資料並列摘要
Anemia can be defined as a lower than normal value for hemoglobin, hematocrit or number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter. Those who are aged 6~23 months with hemoglobin below 10 gm/dL, or aged 2~5 years with hemoglobin below 11 gm/dL, or aged 6~12 years with hemoglobin below 12 gm/dL need further examination to solve the problem. The importance of a good family history deserves emphasis because anemia often have a hereditary basis. The various causes of anemia have relative frequency in various ages of children. In early infancy, ABO incompatible hemolysis disease of newborn, hemorrhage either acute or chronic, anemia of prematurity, and iron deficiency anemia are the most common. While anemia of chronic disease, aplastic anemia, acquired immune hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, anemia of the red cell membrane abnormalities or enzymopathy are prevalent in later infancy and childhood. This article emphasizes the developmental changes in red cell production and function, the signs and symptoms of anemia, the morphologic changes of red cells in various disease, the skeletal changes in anemia, and lastly the importance of thalassemia in Taiwan. The treatment, such as: iron preparation, folic acid, vitamin B12, steroid, transfusion, iron chelation therapy, anti-thymocyt globulin, splenectomy and bone marrow transplantation, should be given according to the etiological diagnosis.