形塑網路主權與爭辯網路治理：中國大陸就全球網路規範的戰略敘事運用

Shaping Cyber Sovereignty and Contesting Internet Governance: China's Strategic Narratives in Cyber Norms

姚宏旻(Hon-min Yau)

《中國大陸研究》 64卷2期 (2021/06) Pp. 107-139

https://doi.org/10.30389/MCS.202106_64(2).0004

摘要

本文的研究標的，聚焦在近年來國際社會對於網路規範形塑過程的外交角力，並置重點於中國大陸在聯合國場域就網路主權意念之戰略敘事運用。回顧過去探討中國大陸角色之國際規範研究，多著重於剖析國際建制的約束效用，亦或探究國際社會如何融入中國大陸於既有國際秩序體制內。然網路空間相較其他國際議題場域，方於晚近才成為各國矚目的競爭領域，當前國際社會對網路空間的治理模式，仍缺乏一強而有力之國際建制或一體適用的普遍共識。也因此本文異於過去著重瞭解國際規範如何對中國大陸產生社會化效用的研究議程，並試圖運用國際關係理論中戰略敘事的分析視角，檢視中國大陸如何形塑國際規範的發展過程。本文主張，中國大陸透過掌握話語權的外交手段，形成不費一槍一彈的擴張其對網路空間的影響力，並建立有利環境以形塑國內外價值。即便當西方國家對其網路主權提案採取異議時，仍能形成有力國際話語，以支持其主張以主權國家為主體之網路治理願景。

關鍵字

網路治理 ； 網路主權 ； 網路規範 ； 戰略敘事

並列摘要

This paper aims to investigate the diplomatic negotiation in the shaping of emerging cyber norms by the international community. In particular, the emphasis has been placed on understanding China's strategic narratives of cyber sovereignty at the United Nations. The existing research related to the study of international norms and China focuses on either the constraining effects in international norms' utility on China's activities or how to encompass China into the existing international social order. Nevertheless, neither of these approaches would be appropriate for the study of cyberspace, as cyberspace is a latecomer in the discussion of international norms. There are also no recognized rules or consensus to begin with. Hence, this article takes a distinct, yet different approach from the past research agenda, which often emphasizes socializing China into the existing international order. Namely, this paper intends to implement the Strategic Narrative from International Relations to unpack the exercise of language in the current Chinese making of cyber norms. This paper argues that China's successful leverage of discursive practice creates a compelling Chinese story, which helps to enhance its international influence in this critical issue-area without firing a single bullet. China was able to create a global environment in her favor by discursively shaping the domestic and international values on cyberspace and steering direction of cyber norms. This strategic condition allows China to pursue an alternative agenda of cyberspace governance centered around the conventional idea of state sovereignty, even when Western countries continue to express their disapproval.

並列關鍵字

Internet Governance ； Cyber Sovereignty ； Cyber Norms ； Strategic Narratives

參考文獻

上海合作組織，2015，〈上海合作組織成員國元首理事會會議新聞公報〉， http://chn.sectsco.org/news/20150712/48836.html，查閱時間：2020/06/20。Shanghai Cooperation Organization. 2015. “Shanghai hezuo zuzhi chengyuanguo yuanshou lishihui huiyi xinwen gongbao” [The Media Report for the Conclusions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit]. (Accessed on June 20, 2020).

中共中央網路安全和信息化委員會辦公室，2016a，〈中華人民共和國網路安全法〉，http://www.cac.gov.cn/2016-11/07/c_1119867116.htm，查閱時間：2020/06/20。Cyberspace Authority of China. 2016a. “Zhonghua renmin gongheguo wangluo anquanfa” [Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China]. (Accessed on June 20, 2020).

中共中央網路安全和信息化委員會辦公室，2016b，〈中國網路空間安全協會成立〉，http://www.cac.gov.cn/2016-03/26/c_1118448623.htm，查閱時間：2020/09/11。Cyberspace Authority of China. 2016b. “Zhongguo wangluo kongjian anquan xiehui chengli” [The Establishment of the Cybersecurity Association of China]. (Accessed on September 11, 2020).

中國互聯網路信息中心，2016，《第37次中國互聯網路發展狀況統計報告》，北京：中國互聯網路信息中心。China Internet Network Information Center. 2016. “Di 37 ci zhongguo hulian wangluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao” [The 37th Statistic Report of the Development of the Internet in China]. Beijing: China Internet Network Information Center.

中華人民共和國外交部，2010，〈外交部就美國務卿「互聯網自由」演講涉華內容答問〉，http://www.gov.cn/xwfb/2010-01/22/content_1517379.htm，查閱時間：2020/06/20。Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People@@$$s Republic of China. 2010. “Waijiaobu jiu mei guowuqing ‘hulianwang ziyou’ yanjiang shehua neirong dawen”[Ministry of Foreign Affairs’s Responses to the US Secretary of State’s Comments on China Regarding the Issue of the “Internet Freedom”]. (Accessed on June 20, 2020).