蔣中正與反攻大陸計畫之制定──以「武漢計畫」為例

自從1949年政府遷臺以來，鞏固臺海安全，並進一步反攻大陸，成為蔣中正念茲在茲的重要目標，因此他不斷地進行軍事整備，並隨時尋求反攻的有利時機。然而以蕞爾臺灣，面對強大的中共，加上國際情勢對臺日趨不利，反攻大陸之途顯得十分坎坷，致終蔣一生，反攻大陸行動只淪為紙上談兵。雖然迫於現實因素，蔣未能真正進行全面的反攻大陸，引發不少對他是否真心進行軍事反攻的質疑，但是如今從國史館藏兩蔣史料、蔣本人的日記、軍政人物訪談及相關研究看來，他制定重要的反攻計畫，重視軍備，引用白團日本教官和美軍顧問團整編部隊，又隨時掌握國際局勢變化，尋求美國支持，伺機發動反攻看來，期望早日達成反攻大陸的使命實無庸置疑。本文皆在對蔣在1957-1961年推動的「武漢計畫」內容詳加梳理，探討「武漢計畫」產生的背景、計畫如何擬訂並進行修正、最後遭遇何種困難及其轉折和影響，並希望進一步瞭解「武漢計畫」在蔣畢生所擬訂的各種反攻計畫或預備進行的反攻行動中所扮演的角色及其重要性。

關鍵字

蔣中正；武漢計畫；空降特種部隊；崑崙計畫；西南第一反攻基地

並列摘要

Since the removal of his government to Taiwan in 1949, the most important goal for Chiang Kai-shek was to consolidate security in Taiwan while furthering the ＂strike back＂ policy on mainland China. He was perceived constantly engaged in military preparations and looking for favorable opportunities at all times. However, in the face of the powerful government in China, coupled with unfavorable international situation for Taiwan, the confrontation with the PRC was very difficult indeed, and the ＂striking back＂ policy on mainland China did turn out to be impossible in Chiang's life. Forced by reality, Chiang failed to implement a comprehensive counterattack from Taiwan in his life, which has caused a lot of suspicion of his determination to take military action. But now, as seen from the collections of Chiang Ching-kuo and Chiang Kai-shek in the Academia Historica, and Chiang's diary, all of which are kept as well as numerous interviews with military and political figures, etc., it is quite clear that Chiang had made a number of important counter-offensive plans, attached great importance to armaments, and employed both Japanese instructors and US military advisers to reorganize the troops, in addition to keeping abreast of changes in the international situation and seeking support from the United States with a view to carrying out any counterattack and expecting an early successful in the mission. The subject of this paper is to sort out the contents of the Wuhan project as promoted by Chiang from 1957 to 1961, with respect to its background, how it got formulated and revised, what difficulties it encountered and its setbacks and influence. It is hoped that the reader will gain a further understanding of the role and importance of the Wuhan plan in Chiang Kai-shek's overall design of counter-attack plans or preparations, and even operations for regaining mainland China from Taiwan.