孔子與冉求－試探孔門中一段奇詭的師生關係

儒家的創始者孔子，堪稱是先秦時期的大教育家；而受業於其門下的眾多門徒，不少人表現傑出、影響深遠，亦是眾所周知的事實。然而，在《論語》一書中，卻有著孔子曾以「非吾徒也，小子鳴鼓而攻之，可也」之語、近乎將弟子冉求驅逐出門下的記載；同時，該書也頗載有其他較不利於冉求形象的說法。然而，這樣的紀錄，到了漢代司馬遷所撰的《史記》裡，卻竟然全不見蹤影；其緣由為何，值得吾人深入探討。本論文旨在重新審視先秦至西漢的傳世文獻中，有關孔子與冉求之間互動的記載；嘗試以較具人性的角度，考索其間可能的師生關係真貌，並提出適當的解釋。進而探討在儒學發展、分合的過程中，知識與權力之間，所可能產生的交互作用；以及對孔子與其弟子形象的「再製」，所可能造成的影響。從而試圖為先秦至漢代的儒學，勾勒出一點側面的輪廓。

關鍵字

孔子；冉求；先秦儒學；漢代儒學

並列摘要

The founder of the Confucian philosophy, Confucius, can be regarded as a great pedagogue of the pre-Qin period. From the many disciples who were instructed by him, quite a number proved to be outstanding and had lasting influence. This is also a widely known fact. However, in his book ＂Analects,＂ Confucius is quoted with the phrase ＂He is no disciple of mine. My little children, beat the drum and assail him,＂ which comes close to expelling his disciple Ran Qiu from his school. At the same time, this book also frequently cites statements which are not favorable to Ran Qiu's image. However, by the Han Dynasty, records of this kind completely disappear in Sima Qian's ＂Records of the Grand Historian.＂ The reasons why this is the case deserve a closer study. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the records on the relationship between Confucius and Ran Qiu in the documents from pre-Qin to the Western Han. It attempts to establish from a more human perspective the true nature of the relationship between teacher and disciple and puts forward an appropriate explanation. It will then further explore the reciprocal effects in the process of the development of the Confucian school, its divisions and unity, and the effects between scholarship and power. It will also explore the possible effects of the ＂re-creation＂ of the image of Confucius and his disciples. On this basis, it will attempt to outline a side aspect of Confucianism from the pre-Qin period to the Han Dynasty.