外來宗教的漢化：以「觀音女性化」與明教「三清」的出現為例

On the Sinicization of Foreignal Religions: Taking the Transgendering of Avalokiteśvara and the Emerging of ＂Three Pure Ones＂ of Manichaeism as Examples

蔡爾健(Er-Jian, Tsai)

《佛學與科學》 21卷1期 (2020/03) Pp. 30-40

摘要

儘管研究中國民間宗教史的論著已取得驚人的成就，不過到目前為止，似乎沒有較有系統地討論宋代以前的觀音女性化現象，以及明教「三清」出現的論著。故而本文擬從若干相關的文獻中，嚐試對這些問題作出解釋。本文試圖論證，觀音女性化的現象應從唐初便開始了。而摩尼教的「三聖」也在明清時期轉變為類似道教神明的明教「三清」，並且是呈現出一對一的對射關係的。

關鍵字

文化交流 ； 觀音信仰 ； 女性觀音形象 ； 摩尼教三聖 ； 霞浦文書

並列摘要

Despite the amazing advancements in the studies on the history of Chinese folk religion, there appears to be very little systematic discussion and research on the transgendering of Avalokiteśvara during the pre- Sung period and the emerging of ＂Three Pure Ones＂ of Manichaeism. This research aims to answer those questions by analyzing relevant literature. This study hypothesizes that the transgendering of Avalokiteśvara should have started from the very beginning of the Tang dynasty, and ＂Manichaeism Trinity＂ have transformed into Taoism- like ＂Three Pure Ones＂ during the Ming- Ch'ing period, which are of the bijective relation to each other.

並列關鍵字

Cultural Interaction ； the Worship of Avalokiteśvara ； the Female Form of Avalokiteśvara ； Manichaeism Trinity ； Manichaeism Text of Xiapu