- 期刊
美國排華意識的形成及其研究發展析探
The Formation of Sinophobia and the Development of Related Anti-Chinese Research in the United States
摘要
1850年代華工出現於美國西部，為西岸方興未艾的礦業與農業等產業帶來寶貴的勞動力。然而，隨著1850年代末礦業的蕭條，與1860年代晚期美國太平洋鐵路的完成，華工的作用性大減，其負面形象也逐漸形塑凸顯，造成排華意識抬頭，並以白人工會為首，透過排華立法、歧視性司法個案，及各種針對華人的抵制與暴力形式開展。1882年美國《排華法案》（Chinese Exclusion Act）的制定及其後續的延長法案，嚴重限制二次大戰前美國華人社會各種移民與公民權利，此使排華運動（Anti-Chinese Movement）為美國移民史及族裔關係史重要的歷史課題。自19世紀末美國學界首次以勞工運動的附屬議題對排華運動進行探討開始，多年來學者們從不同的角度與觀點，闡釋美國排華運動。這些研究呈現華人與美國主流社會關係的演進、華人自我定位，及華人對美國社會的貢獻與影響。
並列摘要
The influx of Chinese workers since the 1850s greatly benefited the mining and agricultural industries in the early American West. However, with the decline of mines in the late 1850s and the completion of the Pacific Railroad in the 1860s, a negative stereotype of Chinese workers was gradually formed. It created a collective awareness for an anti-Chinese movement in the United States, first led by white unions to exercise hostile demonstrations against Chinese laborers, followed by a series of anti-Chinese legislations, discriminatory judical judgments, various boycotts, and acts of violence. The enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 was a landmark of transformation in American immigration policy; it changed from an open and free perspective to an ethnically restrictive and discriminatory trend, and first victimized Chinese immigrants. Hence, Sinophobia research and related anti-Chinese activities in the U.S. were deemed to be academic. This article hopes to show that these academic studies reflect the transformation that the Anti-Chinese Movement was initially perceived as an economic issue (Chinese ＂coolies＂ threatened white workers) in the early twentieth century, and diverse angles that explore ethnicity-based Sinophobia in the second half of the twentieth century and the early 21st century. The investigation of anti-Chinese research resonates with American attitudes toward non-white ethnic groups and minorities, while also demonstrates Chinese self-identity and its tremendous contribution to mainstream society.