周瑜與張昭―孫吳政權中核心政治地位升降的討論

周瑜(175-210)與張昭(155-236)，乃是孫權初統事的二大輔佐大臣，周瑜與張昭在孫策創業集團地位相當，亦爲集團之核心，周瑜主外戰；張昭主內政，因此，在孫權初統事時，周瑜與張昭共同安定「內部賓旅寄寓之士」，鞏固孫吳政權之延續。張昭身爲顧命大臣，因此在孫策與孫權易位之際，其在孫吳政權中的政治地位達到高峰，但經過一連串與孫權之觀念上的差異，便逐漸與孫權產生些摩擦與矛盾而與孫權之的關係出現初步之裂縫。在漢末群雄割據的氛圍下，往往不免於「成敗論英雄」，建安7年(202)曹操下書責任子事件，是周瑜與張昭政治地位升降的第一個轉折，周瑜諫言被採納，始得孫權的初步信任；建安13年(208)攻伐黃祖事件，張昭之言逐漸被孫權所忽略；同年(208)9月赤壁戰前的論爭，張昭已被屏除於決策中心，而周瑜之政治地位乃於此時大大地超越張昭，並在戰後成爲孫吳政權中的第一人。而本文所欲探討的是二人從合作到分歧這當中的轉折原因何在，並且依循事件的脈絡，從戰略面、思想面及文化背景面觀察周瑜與張昭在孫吳政權中政治地位之升降關係。

關鍵字

孫吳政權；孫權；周瑜；張昭；政治地位

並列摘要

The essay tries to examine the shrift of change of the collaboration and confrontation between Zhou Yu(周瑜) (175-210) and Zhang Zhao(張昭) (155-236), two of the most important officials/strategists serving the regime of Sun Wu. To observe the rise and fall of Zhou and Zhang's political status, the essay explores the change from the perspective of war strategies, ideology thinking, and cultural background. Zhou and Zhang shared relatively equal political status during the Sun Wu regime. Both of them were at the cores of the regime. While Zhou took charge of foreign affairs, Zhang was responsible to manage interior affairs; both contributed to the consolidation of Sun Wu's regime greatly. Zhang's political status reached its peak when Sun Ce(孫策) was succeeded by Sun Quan(孫權). However, Zhang grew distant from Sun Quan(孫權) after a series of disagreement erupted between the two. The first major shrift of change occurred in Chien-An(建安) Seventh Year (202), in which Zhou's advice was accepted by Sun Quan(孫權). The second change took place in Chien-An(建安) 13th year (208), during which Zhang's suggestion was neglected by Sun Quan(孫權). Zhang was completely excluded from the center of policymaking by the end of September the same year, and Zhou's political status greatly surpassed Zhang ever since. Zhou later became the most important strategist in the regime of Sun Wu.