- 期刊
論無罪推定原則於國際人權法之規範與實踐
The Regulation of Presumption of Innocence in International Human Right Convention and Practices
摘要
無罪推定（presumption of innocence）原則係現代刑事訴訟法的基礎，為世界各國普遍承認的刑事訴訟程序基本原則，其於西方英美法系國家起源甚早，在採糾問制度之大陸法系國家，則係為了對抗國家採取刑求取證之產物。由於無罪推定原則是刑事人權中重要的部分，因此不但一再出現於《世界人權宣言》、《公民與政治權利國際公約》、《保護所有遭受任何形式拘留或監禁之人的原則》等國際人權法文件中，而且連聯合國人權事務委員會亦一再針對此原則作出補充詮釋之一般性意見及相關案例。另於區域性國際人權法文件中，如《歐洲人權公約》、《歐洲監獄規則》、《美洲國家人權公約》與《非洲人權及民族權利憲章》中，無罪推定原則亦一再被提及，更遑論於歐洲聯盟發表之《綠皮書－無罪推定》及歐洲人權法院之相關案例中，均多次出現該原則內涵之進一步闡述。依前述國際與區域性人權法文件之闡敘，無罪推定原則的保障，至少應包括被告已獲得完足與有效辯護之保證、檢察官負舉證責任、證據證明力之判斷標準、罪疑其利益歸於被告，以及依無罪推定原則對待被告等內涵。本文旨在從國際人權法之規範中，探討無罪推定原則在現行國際人權法之實踐。
並列摘要
Presumption of innocent is the base of modern criminal procedure act and is widely recognized criminal procedure basic principle. In the Anglo-American Lay System, it dates back to very early time. On the other hand, in the Civil Law System countries which adopting Inquisition system, it is a product dealing with the state violence of torturous inquisition. Presumption of innocent has not only appeared in World Human Right Declaration, Civil and Political Rights International Convention and in many legal documents for protecting all people detained or confined in any form repeatedly. UN Human Right Affair Committee has repeatedly made supplementary interpretation in general opinion and related cased in addressing this principle. According to the representation and interpretation of the above international human right documents, the protection of presumption of innocent shall at least include: defendant has obtain assurance of complete and effective defense, prosecutor has the burden of evidence, judging standard of evidence, defendant is benefit of any doubt and treating defendant basis presumption of innocent. Further, in regional human right act documents, presumption of innocent has also been repeated in European Human Right Convention, European Prison Regulation, American State Human Right Convention and African Human and People Constitutions. In the ''Green Paper-Presumption of Innocent'' published by European Union and cases of European Human Right Court, the context of the principle has been further explained. In practices of domestic laws, this principle had been incorporated in constitutions of many countries and it had become a prevailing situation.