- 期刊
近代歐洲早期「軍事革命」研究回顧
A Review of Research on the Early Modern European ＂Military Revolution＂
摘要
「軍事革命」是二十世紀軍事史研究的重要突破，因為傳統軍事史研究僅強調戰爭的過程、參戰的人數、使用武器和將領個人英勇；而軍事革命則不像傳統軍事史研究強調戰爭本身，更關注軍事變革對社會和國家帶來的衝擊。二十世紀軍事革命是1955年羅伯茨(Michael Roberts, 1908- 1996)提出，他認為近代歐洲早期(Early Modern European)的戰術革命，這場革命的意義不僅是軍事上戰術、戰略、軍隊組織、和軍事技術等變革，更重要是對歐洲社會和國家形成帶來全面性衝擊。這場軍事革命研究，其概念從1955年提出到2011年止可分為三個階段。第一個階段為1955年羅伯茨提出後，軍事革命提供從軍事史的角度解釋近代歐洲早期的歷史，在這之後20年成為權威性解釋。第二階段是軍事史專家帕克(Geoffrey Parker, 1943-)在1976年對羅伯茨提出質疑，而帕克的質疑帶動更多學者投入軍事革命議 題，對於軍事革命的時間、原因和影響展開激辯。第三階段為二十世紀90年代，90年代延續80年代的研究熱潮，對軍事革命的影響時間和內容不斷擴大與深入。其中帕克和傑瑞米．布拉克(Jeremy Black, 1955-)兩位學者先後對歐洲以外地區軍事革命的發展有不同看法，使這議題與全球史研究(Global History)中關於歐洲興起的討論產生關聯，軍事革命成為全球史的一部分。
並列摘要
The idea of the ＂Military Revolution＂ was a breakthrough in twentieth century military studies because traditional military research predominately focused on the process of war, number of people involved, weapons utilized, and personal valor. The concept of Military Revolution departed from previous paradigms in the manner it turned from the study of specific conflict to attention to these conflicts' impact on military ideas and technologies, as well as larger changes in the societies and countries affected. Michael Roberts (1908-1996) first proposed the idea of Military Revolution in 1955. He believed that the early modern European revolution in tactics not only changed how war was conducted tactically, strategically, logistically, and technically; it also had a profound impact on European societies and nations. The development of the concept of Military Revolution can be divided into four periods. The first period is roughly 1955-1975, initiated by Roberts' effort to explain early modern European history from a military perspective. The second period began in 1976, when Geoffrey Parker (1943-) challenged Roberts' interpretation. In the 1980s, Parker's inquiry popularized the idea of Military Revolution, initiating discussion concerning the periodization of the Military Revolution, reasons for its emergence, and historical impact. The third period occurred in the 1990s, as scholars developed critical views on the chronology and significance of Military Revolution. Of note was a debate between Jeremy Black (1955- ) and Geoffrey Parker concerning how regions outside of Europe responded to the European Military Revolution, as well as how this concept fits into the field of Global History. The fourth period began with the new millennium, with a proliferation of studies on the Military Revolution which have grown into a significant subfield of military history.