國語異讀的幾個現象

漢字並非拼音文字，形聲字的聲符雖有表音作用，但隨著語音的發展，漢字字形的改變，形聲字的表音功能大大降低，加之語言內外在的各種因素，造成漢字一字多音的情形非常普遍。從古至今，多音異讀存在於各漢語方言中，這是漢字音讀發展的正常現象。民國初年為了普及教育，開始制定、推行國語，對多音字多次進行審訂，規範異讀，以確立標準音讀。本文針對幾個多音字探討其多音的原因、對於書寫形式的影響，觀察異讀在歷史上的自然競爭，並說明教育部幾次音讀審訂的情形與公告後目前社會的使用狀況。了解多音異讀的來龍去脈，應有助於音讀審訂及語文教學。漢字多音的成因非常複雜，如文白異讀、四聲別義異讀、古今音變的新舊異讀、不同方音影響、詞內連音變化、避諱改讀、訛讀、通假、音譯、同義替代等等，都會讓漢字形成異讀。限於時間與篇幅關係，本文並未全面討論，所論僅限於詞內連音變化、避諱改讀、文白異讀與同義換讀等原因所產生的異讀及其相關現象。

關鍵字

異讀；避諱改讀；同義換讀；偽入聲；音讀審訂

並列摘要

Chinese Mandarin does not consist of alphabets. Even though pictophonetic characters contain phonetic signages that connote phonics, this function subsided gradually over time as the way of writing changed. In addition, several internal and external factors in the Chinese language make multiple pronunciations commonplace in Chinese. Historically, this phenomena is especially popular in most dialects to a point that it is the normalcy in Chinese language development. After the Republic of China was founded, the government put in a great deal of effort to regulate and standardize pronunciation so as to promote Mandarin and improve literacy. This article explores the reasons for multiple pronunciations in several characters, their influences on their written forms, the natural succession of those pronunciations over time, the process of standardization of pronunciation by the Ministry of Education, and their current usage by the general public. To put pronunciation into a historical context contributes to language pedagogy and standardizing pronunciation in the future. There are complex reasons that contribute to multiple pronunciations. For example, differences in classical and modern Chinese, tonality differences denoting different meanings, new modern pronunciations, differences in dialects, different pronunciations depending on its adjacent characters within a vocabulary, changed pronunciations out of taboos, mistakes, phonetic loan characters, transliterations, synonymous replacements, etc. Due to the constrain of the scale, this paper focuses on different pronunciations depending on its adjacent characters within a vocabulary, changed out of taboos, differences in classical and modern Chinese, and synonymous replacements.