摘要
生物感測器的開發是一跨領域的科技，整合有生物化學、分子生物學、有機化學、物理化學、資訊科學、機械自動化及電子電路學等不同領域。生物感測器可分為三大部分(a)生物感受器：利用生物巨分子，如核酸、酵素、抗體或受器蛋白等，進行結構感應。於生物部的巨分子可以是分離純化的形式也可以是位於細胞並固定化在(b)換能器上，換能器可以是電極、電晶體、壓電晶體及金屬薄膜等。換能器的作用即是將其上固定化的生物巨分子所進行結合感應的訊號轉換成電流、電位、重量或折射率等，再由(c)電子系統將換能器所轉換的訊號經訊號放大器、訊號處理器將可判讀的訊號輸出。於本文中，我們將針對生物接收器從最早的酵素、抗體及核酸等生物巨分子可應用於生物感測器之生化特性進行分析，並闡述榫接子(aptamers)的發展及其在生物感測器的應用。我們分別以(1)表面電漿共振生物感測器SPR和(2)血糖偵測儀做為生物感測器應用在基礎研究及實際醫療用途為例進行說明。
並列摘要
Biosensor is a field that integrated biochemistry, molecular biology, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, information science, automatic mechanics and electronic engineering. A biosensor typically composed three parts: (a) bioreceptors: utilization the specific recognition and selective binding characteristics of macrobiomolecules such as antibodies, enzymes, receptor proteins and nucleic acids. These macromolecules can be in purified forms or on intact cells and immobilized on (b) transducers. Transducers are electrodes, transistors, piezoelectric, semiconductors or metal films. These transducers can transducer the binding events between the analytes and bioreceptors into the signals, e.g., mass change, current, voltage or refractive index change. Finally, the signals produce by the transducers are processed and amplified by the (c) electronic systems. The electronic systems will process and out the detection data. In this article, we will address the biochemical characteristics of these macrobiomolecules that can fit the application and biosensors. Besides, we will introduce the development of aptamers and their applications on biosensors. Finally, we will discuss the principle and biomedical applications of two biosensors: glucose biosensors and SPR.