疑問和否定語式初探：以Lexilogus（1841）的漳腔福建話為例

Interrogative and Negative Sentences: A Case Study of Hokkienese (Zhangzhou Variety) in Lexilogue (1841)

連金發(Chinfa LIEN)

《臺灣語文研究》 13卷2期 (2018/10) Pp. 213-246

https://doi.org/10.6710/JTLL.201810_13(2).0003

摘要

本文考查十九世紀中葉（1841）在馬六甲發行的文本中福建話裡的疑問和否定語式，藉以對此語言的語法體系有初步的認識。在疑問詞問句的範疇中，特指問句的疑問詞是由「物」系和「底」系變項兩類的核詞所形成。屬人的疑問詞「是誰」是漳系福建話的重要標誌，正反問句中句末否定助詞的分布大抵保持早期閩南語的格局，但對稱系統中出現開始鬆動的現象。就否定詞和其他語詞的搭配而言，可以看出，u^m7「毋」和靜態謂語的搭配還相當普遍，而現代台灣的閩南語bo5「無」分布的範圍卻擴大了。否定情態合音詞ba7「袂」只限於表示動力情態意義，和現代閩南語擴及到認識情態意不同，否定經驗貌「未捌」和「毋捌」並存。除了功能詞和句式外，從音韻和詞彙也可以看出此文本漳腔的特徵。

關鍵字

疑問詞問句 ； 否定 ； 福建話 ； 語法 ； 漳腔

並列摘要

The paper explores particular aspects of grammatical patterns of Hokkienese (Zhangzhou variety) in Lexilogue, a late 19^(th) century text. It focuses on interrogative and negative sentences to foster a preliminary understanding of the grammatical system of the language. The wh-words are based on the core variable of 物 or 底. 是誰, a human-denoting wh-word, is a key word of the Zhangzhou variety of Hokkienese. The paradigmatic distribution of sentence-final negative particles in polar questions still retains the pattern of early Southern Min. Nevertheless the positive and negative poles show the onset of disintegration. For the matching of negatives and their positive counterparts, we can see that the co-presence of um7 毋 and its correlated positive static predicates is still very much in evidence. By contrast, the domain claimed by the negative particle bo5 無 has been considerably enlarged in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM). The fusional negative modal bay7袂 in Hokkienese involves no other than dynamic modality, whereas its counterpart in TSM has extended beyond dynamic modality to epistemic modality. As attested in the text, 未捌 and毋捌 coexist. The traits of Zhangzhou variety of Hokkienese are also manifested in sound patterns and lexicon beyond functional words and sentence types.

並列關鍵字

wh-question ； negation ； Hokkienese ； grammar ； Zhangzhou variety

參考文獻

Cheng, Lisa L-S., C-T. James Huang and Jane C-C. Tang. 1997. Negative particle questions: a dialectal comparison. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, Special issue 66-112

Demiéville, Paul. 1951. Archaisimes de pronounciation en Chinois vulgaire. T’oung Pau 40: 1- 59

Douglas, Rev. Carstairs. 1873. Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy with the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner

Legge, James. 1841. A lexilogus of the English, Malay and Chinese languages comprehending the vernacular idioms of the last in the Hok-keen and Canton dialect. Malacca: the Anglo-Chinese College

Lien, Chinfa. 2013 . ‘Why’ and ‘How’ WH-words in earlier Southern Min texts: Interface of inherent properties of ‘why/how’ WH-words and their syntactic positions. Language and Linguistics 14.4: 633-661