毛奇齡考辨《易》圖的義理動機與學術傾向

毛奇齡（1623-1713）為明清之際，具有爭議性的代表學者。本文以毛奇齡考辨《易》圖之相關學說，析論其所蘊含的學術史意義。清初經學之興起，近人有「義理動機」的解釋，此說雖不盡合於所有學者，但在毛奇齡的個案當中，仍有相當的詮釋效力。毛奇齡的學術論著，撰寫於晚年時期，但與作者事跡比較可知，西河《易》學之研究動機，俱有早、中年的思考痕跡。考索毛奇齡的生命歷程，經歷早年卜筮與高笠僧事，在朱子學與陽明學之間，確立起排斥朱學、推崇陽明的立場。就毛奇齡注高笠僧語可知，遇高笠僧之神秘儀式，使他留意朱熹《易》學的文獻根據，爾後毛奇齡與張烈辯論理學問題時，具體展開為考辨《易》圖之學。分析其中的學說內容，毛奇齡有據漢代《易》學而另起新說，同時他相信漢代流傳的五行學說，視為《易傳》蘊含之孔子微旨。整體而言，毛奇齡在理學辯論當中，轉向於經典舊說之考釋；在經典詮釋當中，則又傾向於漢代學說，如此學術之轉型過程，是毛奇齡考辨《易》圖事，於清初學術史中的重要意義。

關鍵字

毛奇齡；《易》圖；胡渭；施閏章；張烈

並列摘要

Mao Qi-ling is a controversial scholar of the Ming-Qing transition period. This paper aims to discuss the significance of Mao's investigation of Yitu( diagrams and figures used to explain Yi-Ching and its theory) throughout the intellectual history. Modern scholars develop the theory that many Qing Confucius scholars hold a meaning-based motivation for investigation of the Song scholar's interpretations on the five classics. Although this theory cannot explain all academic phenomena of the Ming-Qing transition period, it can explain Mao's Textual Criticism to considerable extent. Analyzing and observing Mao's Yiology and biography, his criticism Xi He Yiology, written in his old age, actually contains the intellectual beliefs he held in his early and middle ages. The analysis suggests that Mao had been vacillated between Zhu Xi Confucianism and Yang Ming Confucianism, and finally determined to criticize the Zhu Xi's theory after the mystic ceremonies he experienced by meeting the monk Gao Li. According to Mao's annotation to monk Gao Li, such a mystic ceremony with the Buddhist triggered Mao to put the focus on Zhu Xi's explanation of Yi-Ching. After that, when Mao had a philosophical debate with Zhang Lie, the focus led him to the intellectual inclination of textual criticism toward Yiology. According to Mao's theory, it's apparent that he had accepted the Han dynasty Yiology and proposed his new interpretations of Yi-tu. In the same time, Mao had a great belief in the Five Elements of the Han dynasty and deemed it to be imparted from Confucius. On the whole, Mao's academic inclination had already transformed to textual study and criticism while debating the philosophy questions with Zhang Lie, and tended to adopt the Han dynasty theories regarding to Yi-tu. This academic transition marked the significance of Mao's investigation of Yi-tu throughout the intellectual history.