「四眾」之外：近代上海佛寺的工役群體與寺院經濟

Temple Labor Groups and the Monastic Economy in Modern China - Based on the Case Studies in Shanghai Area

朱明川(ZHU, Mingchuan)

《人間佛教研究》 11期 (2021/01) Pp. 264-295

摘要

本文關注近代中國佛寺中的工役，通過這一特殊群體探討百年來都市佛教寺院經濟的發展和變遷。寺工群體歷來數量龐大，是叢林生活中的必要組成部分。近代以來，都市佛寺興起，提供服務的寺工在寺院經濟中的作用愈發重要。然而，在這種佛教服務業的僱傭關係下，寺工們的宗教身份也變得模糊起來。在二十世紀40、50年代，圍繞著勞資糾紛與僧俗矛盾的雙重衝突，寺工們開始組建工會以求抗爭佛教會。隨著時代的迅速變化，雙方的境遇也幾度逆轉。本文依據報刊、檔案、調查報告和回憶錄等資料，著重考察上世紀40、50年代上海地區的寺僧與工役的糾紛事件，還原雙方的博弈過程及其背後的觀念。透過寺院工役群體近百年來的命運變遷，可以更深入地了解近代寺院的運作方式，並從新的角度發掘「都市佛教」寺院經濟的特性。

關鍵字

寺工 ； 寺院經濟 ； 都市佛教

並列摘要

This paper focuses on the labor group that served monks and donors in temples, such as servants, cooks, cleaners, etc. There was a distinct transformation of the monastic economy in the last century that urban Buddhist temples tended to regard the service industry as their main source of income. Accordingly, the role of temple laborers who provided services had become increasingly important, and they would not defer to monks as before. According to the National Labor Act of the Republican government, temple laborers began to organize unions to fight against the exploitation of monks. Based on newspapers, archives, survey reports, and memoirs, this paper analyses the new form of monastic life in early modern Shanghai, attempting to reveal more details about the relationship between the temple labor and monks. Furthermore, this paper also indicates the tension between monks and temple laborers, including religious identity crisis and labor disputes. Through the fate of temple laborers and their employers, we can gain a deeper understanding of the operation of modern Buddhism and explore the economic characteristics of urban Buddhism monasteries from a new perspective.

並列關鍵字

Temple Labor ； Monastic Economy ； Urban Buddhism