公務人員保障制度之發展趨勢（二0二0-二0二五）-以司法院大法官釋字七八五號解釋為中心

司法院大法官釋字785號解釋對於公務人員訴訟權、健康權及服公職權闡釋與指摘，無疑是公務人員保障制度之里程碑。就釋字785號解釋之釋憲標的、過程爭點、解釋要旨及論理闡釋，整理分類多數及少數見解之歧見，爬梳相關權利爭執、制度爭議及法規爭點等違憲指摘或合憲疑慮，闡述釋字785號解釋之開創影響，探討各面項權利保障、制度因應及法規修正，俾呼應釋字785號解釋之合憲期待。整理現行工時及加班補償法制之於釋字785號解釋之違憲指摘，應檢討修正之範圍及項目，釐清待命執行職務之工作時間計算與加班評價補償，併同解決值班制度之困境，並思考加班補償制度之配套，輔以勞工與公務人員之比較與借鏡，構思工時及加班補償之法制輪廓，分析立場選擇及修法建議，並為模擬評估，以求符合實際。概述公務人員訴訟救濟法制概況及二元救濟途徑之合憲現況，導正實務操作行政處分之定義，挪移復審及再申訴程序之板塊，修正行政訴訟提起之門檻，並探討權利侵害與否之判斷標準。再從雙軌保障體系發展觀察，保障救濟制度一元化之可行性，並依行政救濟與司法救濟之互動，想像保障制度一元化之方向，並釐明救濟制度建議未來方向及比較各方案差異及優劣。本文總結有公務人員有權利即有救濟、勤休制度屬健康權範疇、超時工作補償應受服公職權保障、公務人員勤務量體、人力額度、加班補經費失衡與導正等主要發現；歸納出公務人員救濟權益保障進階化、輪值輪班人員加班補法制化、待命執行職務評價及補償合理化、加班補內涵實質化及勤休補償制度公私衡平化等修法趨勢；並提鍊出建構公務人員保障制度進階版，兼顧公務人員權益保障及機關運作雙贏，及加班非常態與覈實補償之觀念導正設計等研究價值。

關鍵字

公務人員；釋字785號解釋；救濟權；健康權；服公職權

並列摘要

Judicial Yuan Constitutional Court Interpretation No.785 explains that public servants' rights to litigation, health and public office are a milestone in the system of civil servants' protection. Explanation of constitutional landmarks, process arguments, explanations of key points and rationale, collating differences in the majority and minority opinions, rights disputes, institutional disputes and laws in relation to the interpretation controversial points, etc. will explain the initial impact of Interpretation 785 and explore the various aspects of rights protection, institutional responses and regulatory amendments to address the constitutional expectation of Interpretation 785. In order to clarify the unconstitutional criticism to Interpretation 785 of the current system of overtime compensation and overtime compensation, we should review the scope and items of the revision, clarify the calculation of working hours and evaluation of overtime compensation, and solve the predicament of overtime compensation system. We analyze the position selection and recommendations, and evaluate such to conform to the actual situation. This paper summarizes the legal system of litigation relief for public servants and the constitutional status of dual relief routes, corrects the definition of administrative department for practical operations, moves the board of review and re-claim procedures, adjusts the threshold of litigation, and probes into the criteria for determination of rights infringement. In addition, from observation on the development of double-track safeguard system to ensure the uniformity of relief system and according to the interaction between administrative and judicial relief, we can see the direction of uniformity of the system and clarify the future direction of the system. In this paper, the author concludes that public servants have the right to provide relief, and the system of rest and rest is a category of health right, and that compensation for overtime work should be guaranteed, and that public servants should be paid the amount of service, manpower quota, and overtime pay. This paper summarizes the trend of public servants' advanced improvement of rights and benefits rights and benefits, such as legalization of overtime pay compensation, rationalization of performance assessment and compensation, materialization of overtime pay compensation and equalization of public and private compensation system. This paper abstracts the research value of constructing an advanced version of the civil service personnel protection system, taking into account the rights and interests of public servants and the win-win operation of the organization, the extraordinary state of overtime work and the correct design of compensation.