- 學位論文
中共對美銳實力之運用：理論探討與個案研究
China’s sharp power toward the United States: A theoretical analysis and case studies
摘要
2017年12月，美國國家民主基金會（NED）出版論文集《銳實力：崛起中的威權影響力》（Sharp Power: Rising Authoritarian Influence），描述「威權國家藉由官方投放大量資源，以操縱訊息的方式創造有利於己的輿論環境，藉此獲得影響力的一種權力」。雖然「銳實力」概念引起了媒體及政治決策圈的高度關注，但其在學術論述上的立基並不穩固、與既有研究之對話尚顯不足，同時亦接收到來自中國知識圈與官方的高度質疑。 本研究意圖在此基礎上加以發展，先是將既有之軟實力及公眾外交／政治宣傳理論進行修正，澄清並試圖定義銳實力之概念。再者，則是將前述論文集未詳述之「制度不對稱」（institutional asymmetry）括寫，納威權式的國家－社會關係於既有的分析框架中，主張「威權制度」是一種權力資源，可以將國家間權力運作的動態轉為準單向模式。 在「理論探討」部分建立後，本研究進一步檢視了中共在國內以及針對美國的政策。在國內層次，中共利用各種法規、黨政組織之改革，在無形的國界上豎起高牆，對內箝制、操作訊息，並過濾來自外來的影響力；而針對美國，它則針對傳播媒體、企業、學術圈與在美華人社群，運用宣傳、收買、霸凌等3B手段控制資訊，試圖型塑有利自身之輿論環境、令美國作出有利中共的政策，或是促進其定義之中華民族的團結與統一。 最後，本研究則以民調、政府回應等資料，初步地評估其效果，並發現銳實力或許在戰術層次上獲得部份成功，但其並未在戰略層次上實現其目標；且新局勢的發展或許能激起美國社會與政府對此進一步的警戒或抵制。
並列摘要
In December 2017, the National Endowment for Democracy proposed the concept of sharp power, describing authoritarian countries’ usage of power which manipulates information in order to create a favorable public opinion environment. The terminology has incited a considerable amount of attention from policymaking circle and news media; nevertheless, sharp power, as an academic concept, is not only not well established but also lack of conversation with previous pieces of literature. Chinese academia and politicians, thus, repeatedly raised doubts and tirades against the concept. Based on this background, this thesis seeks to develop further research on this topic. First, by inspecting established concepts and theories of public diplomacy/ propaganda and soft power, it clarifies and defines the concept of sharp power. Secondly, by putting authoritarian state-society relations into Joseph Nye’s analytical framework, it expands the notion of institutional asymmetry, which was only briefly mentioned in the NED’s work. This study states that sharp power can only be wielded by authoritarian countries since domestic authoritarian institutions can be an exclusive resource of power, which not only cannot be held by liberal democracies but also can turn interstate dynamics of power into a quasi-unilateral mode. As the theory discussion finishes, this thesis reviews and analyzes China’s domestic policies and its usage of sharp power against the U.S. Domestically, the CCP has utilized regulations and restructured the administrative organizations to erect a greatwall on both its tangible and intangible border as a tool to control civil society and information. In the United States, China has targeted communication media, businesses, academia and Chinese-American communities as its victims of broadcasting, buying and bullying (3Bs) policies, in order to create a favorable public opinion environment and pressure the Federal Government or facilitate the unity of the Chinese ethnic group that it defines. Finally, this thesis provides a preliminary evaluation of the effects of Chinese sharp power against the U.S. It finds that Chinese sharp power may have tactically obtained several successes; it, however, has failed to achieve its strategical goal. Furthermore, a new circumstance is emerging, which might raise awareness or even counter-measures from the American society and the government in the future.