切花型長壽花栽培技術之建立及其種間雜交之研究

切花型長壽花是未來花卉市場具有潛力的產品之一，目前對於種植切花的栽培條件仍未明瞭。因此本研究主要探討定植日期、介質厚度、種植株距與遮光程度對長壽花切花生育之影響，以建立適合切花生長之栽培條件。此外，將切花選拔之後代與商業品種進行種間雜交與回交，進一步篩選具優良性狀之雜交後代。試驗以K. blossfeldiana ‘Peach Fairy’ × K. lobata 104-8 (PF × KL 104-8)、K. blossfeldiana ‘Shine’ × K. lobata 104-3 (Sh × KL 104-3)、K. blossfeldiana ‘Hayworth’ × K. pinnata 102-1 (Hay × KP 102-1)、K. blossfeldiana ‘Pearl’ × K. nyikae 102-12 (Pe × KN 102-12)、K. blossfeldiana ‘Cher’ × K. gracilis 103-9 (Ch × KGC 103-9)品系為材料，分別於2017年7月15日、8月1日、8月15日與9月1日定植，五個品系皆以8月15與9月1日定植的始花天數較7月15日與8月1日短；但花莖長卻在7月15日定植處理下最長，而9月1日定植下最短。PF × KL 104-8與Ch × KGC 103-9之始花天數與花莖長不受介質厚度影響；但Hay × KP 102-1於20 cm介質厚度處理下才有最短的始花天數。種植株距不影響PF × KL 104-8與Ch × KGC 103-9的花莖長度。而PF × KL 104-8以株距8 cm處理下有最短的始花天數；卻使Hay × KP 102-1有最長的始花天數與花莖長。PF × KV 103-1、PF × KL 104-8與Hay × KP 102-1經過遮光處理後，花莖長皆會顯著高於全日照處理，只有Ch × KGC 103-9不受影響。四個品系經過遮光處理後，葉綠素含量會顯著高於全日照處理。最大光化學效率在60%與80%遮光處理間無差異，顯著高於全日照與40%遮光處理。遮光處理不影響PF × KL 104-8與Sh × KL 104-3的總可溶性醣類含量，又PF × KV 103-1在全日照與40%遮光下有較高的澱粉含量。綜合上述得知，選拔之切花品系可於8月15日定植，以10 cm之介質厚度與8 cm之株距進行栽培。並以40%遮光處理下，可以獲得較為均一的性狀，以作為栽培切花型長壽花之初步條件。長壽花商業品種‘Cher’、‘Dabo’、‘Hayworth’、‘Peach Fairy’、‘Shine’、‘夏桃’與‘唇蜜’之花粉發芽率介於8.3-32.0%之間；而長壽花節物種K. lobata與K. velutina之花粉發芽率分別為36.3%與49.4%。雜交後代之花粉發芽率則介於0.4%-37.9%。利用長壽花商業品種與雜交選拔之後代進行雜交育種，以‘Shine’為母本分別與PF × KV 103-1、Ch × KS 103-1、(KG×KGP)93-12×KN 101-12雜交可以獲得後代，種子發芽率分別為12.7%、0.8%與5.9%；而以‘Peach Fairy’為母本和PF × KV 103-1與Sh × KL 104-3雜交可以獲得後代，種子發芽率分別為10.4%與7.1%；以KGP × KV 103-11為母本和‘Peach Fairy’雜交可以獲得後代，種子發芽率為2.4%。另外，以長壽花選拔後代PF × KL 104-13回交其父本K. lobata可以獲得後代，種子發芽率為18.5%。本試驗選拔出由KGP × KV 103-11為母本和‘Peach Fairy’進行雜交所獲得之後代，其具有紫色葉片及粉色重瓣花；及以‘Shine’為母本和PF × KV 103-1進行雜交所獲得之後代，其具有紅與粉色重瓣花。

關鍵字

定植日期；介質厚度；種植株距；遮光；花粉發芽；育種；重瓣

並列摘要

The kalanchoe cut flower type is one of potential products in the flora market. Until now less information was available on the cultivation conditions for kalanchoe cut flowers. Therefore, the aims of these studies were to discuss the effect of planting date, medium thickness, planting distance and shading level on the growth and development of kalanchoe cut flowers. In addition, the reciprocal cross and backcross experiments were conducted between the selected kalanchoe progeny and cultivars. The progeny with excellent traits was selected from interspecific hybridization. The K. blossfeldiana ‘Peach Fairy’ × K. lobata 104-8 (PF × KL 104-8), K. blossfeldiana ‘Shine’ × K. lobata 104-3 (Sh × KL 104-3), K. blossfeldiana ‘Hayworth’ × K. pinnata 102-1 (Hay × KP 102-1), K. blossfeldiana ‘Pearl’ × K. nyikae 102-12 (Pe × KN 102-12) and K. blossfeldiana ‘Cher’ × K. gracilis 103-9 (Ch × KGC 103-9) were used as materials and planted on July 15th , August 1st , August 15th and September 1st, respectively. The days to flower of five hybrid progenies was shorter for planting date on August 15th and September 1st treatment as compared with treatment of planting date on July 15th and August 1st. However, the length of flower stem was the longest on July 15th treatment, and the shortest on September 1st. The PF × KL 104-8 and Ch × KGC 103-9 cultivated on medium 10 cm thickness showed not significant different to other treatments on the days to flower and the length of flower stem. However, the days to flower of Hay × KP 102-1 were the shortest in 20 cm treatment. The PF × KL 104-8 and Ch × KGC 103-9 were not affected by cultivated medium thickness. The length of flower stem of PF × KL 104-8 and Ch × KGC 103-9 were affected by planting distance. When PF × KL 104-8 cultivated in 8 cm plant distance showed the shortest the days to flower. However, the days to flower and the length of flower stem were the longest for Hay × KP 102-1. In all shading treatments, the length of flower stem in PF × KV 103-1, PF × KL 104-8 and Hay × KP 102-1 were significantly higher than full sunlight treatment, except for Ch × KGC 103-9. After shading treatment, the chlorophyll content of the four hybrid progenies were significantly higher than full sunlight treatment. The maximum quantum efficiency was not significantly different between the 60% and 80% shading treatments, which were significantly higher than the full sunlight and 40% shading treatment. The total soluble sugar content of PF × KL 104-8 and Sh × KL 104-3were not affected by shading treatment. The starch content of PF × KV 103-1 was higher in full sunlight and 40% shading treatment. Therefore, the selected progenies can be planted on August 15th and cultivated with medium 10 cm thickness and plant distance in 8 cm for cut flower. The relatively uniform traits of cut flowers were obtained in 40% shading treatment. The cultivation technique was established for kalanchoe cut flowers. The pollen germination rates of ‘Cher’, ‘Dabo’, ‘Hayworth’, ‘Peach Fairy’, ‘Shine’, ‘Summer peach’ and ‘Lip honey’ were among 8.3 to 32.0%. The pollen germination rates of K. lobata and K. velutina were 36.3% and 49.4%, respectively. The pollen germination rates of hybrid progenies ranged from 0.4% to 37.9%. The reciprocal cross were conducted between kalanchoe cultivars and selected progeny. The progenies were produced from ‘Shine’ as the female parent crossed with PF × KV 103-1, Ch × KS 103-1 and (KG×KGP)93-12 × KN 101-12, respectively. The percentage of seed germination rate were 12.7%, 0.8% and 5.9%, respectively. When the ‘Peach Fairy’ was used as the female parent to cross with PF × KV 103-1and Sh × KL 104-3, the percentage of progeny seed germination were 10.4% and 7.1%, respectively. The percentage of seed germination was 2.4% in (KGP × KV 103-11) × ‘Peach Fairy’ combination. In addition, the percentage of seed germination rate was 18.5% on backcross progeny from selected progeny PF × KL 104-13 to K. lobata. One new progeny with purple leaves, pink petal, and double flower was selected from KGP × KV 103-11 as the female parent crossed with ‘Peach Fairy’. And, other new progeny, with red and pink petal, and double flower was selected from ‘Shine’ as the female parent crossed with PF × KV 103-1.