- 學位論文
飼料添加劑（單寧酸，農業廢棄物）種類及保溫型式對保育豬生長性能及血清生化值之影響
The effect of addition of tannins and agriculture waste in feed and heat preservation of nursery pigs on growth performance, serum
摘要
天然之植物萃取物常為飼料中抗生素的替代品，而存在於植物中單寧酸為一種植物性多酚化合物，並具有多種生物活性，改善腸道微生物生態系統，增強腸道健康。其中，植物果皮（農業廢棄物）中含有大量的單寧，協助腸胃道消化，且植物果皮具有抗氧化活性有助於減少退化性疾病。故本研究一探討飼料添加劑（單寧酸，農業廢棄物）種類對於保育豬生長性能及血清生化值之影響。此外，仔豬體溫調節能力差，難以維持體溫，當體溫過低時會易產生飢餓、疾病與最終之死亡。因此，研究二擬探討保溫設備對保育豬生長性能及血清生化值之影響。研究一之試驗一為7-60日齡豬隻飼料中添加單寧酸，於7-28日齡分別於飼料中含有0%之單寧為對照組（C組）、0.15%之試驗1組（T1）及0.1%之試驗2組（T2），而28-60日齡為C組飼料中含有0%單寧、T1組0.2%及T2組0.15%。結果顯示，C組初始重顯著高於處理組別（3.30 vs. T1組2.75與T2組3.01 kg）。此外，C組豬隻於7-28日齡日增重（141.56 g）、28日體重（7.2 kg）及28-60日齡日增重（244.86 g）均與T2組相近（P > 0.05），且均顯著（P < 0.05）高於T1組。在血清生化性狀之分析結果顯示，C組、T1及T2組血清之Cu、總抗氧化能力（Total anti-oxidative capacity, TAC）與Fe均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。另外，試驗二於28-63日齡豬飼料中添加0.5%植物果皮粉，在生長性狀之評估結果顯示，基礎飼糧所飼養之對照組（C組）豬隻之28-42日齡日增重（193.57 vs. 237.14 g）、42日齡體重（10.36 vs. 11.29 kg）、42-63日齡日增重（316.98 vs. 348.89 g）及63日齡體重 （17.02 vs. 18.62 kg）均與試驗組（T組，28-63日齡於基礎飼糧添加0.5%植物果皮粉）無差異（P > 0.05）。在血清生化性狀之分析數值均於C組與T組間均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。在糞便評分指數之分析，評分指數均於C組與T組間均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。且下痢發生率之分析C組與T組間均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。研究二保育豬利用地板型加溫墊保溫之生長性能得結果顯示，不進行保溫之對照組（C組）保育豬，總增重（30.83 vs. 34.38 kg）、總採食量（57.25 vs. 71.25 kg）及飼料效率（1.86 vs. 2.07）等數值與保溫組（T組）豬隻間均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。糞便評分指數之分析結果顯示，糞便評分指數均於C組與T組間均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。下痢發生率於C組與T組間均無顯著（P > 0.05）差異。研究一之試驗一由於以每窩仔豬為分組單位，因此導致對照組（C組）哺乳仔豬的初始體重顯著高於T1與T2；若將T2組之初始體重與C組者進行校正（3.30/3.01= 1.1），則T2組之各項生長數值將加權為1.1倍，此等生長性狀數值將高於C組，由此顯示，於7-28日齡在基礎飼糧添加0.15%單寧及在28-60日齡添加0.10%單寧（T2組）具有較佳之生長性能，可能為本試驗中T2組保育豬具有較佳稱長性狀之重要原因。研究一之實驗二植物果皮粉之添加對保育豬之生長及健康狀態無提升效果。但添加植物果皮粉組之保育豬，在42日齡時每頭仔豬之體重較對照組高出近1 kg（11.29 vs. 10.36kg），63日齡時高出1.6 kg（18.62 vs. 17.02 kg），因此即便於統計層面，上述2處理組別間之生長性能無顯著差異，實則對豬農之生產經濟效益仍有相當之助益；且亦能有助於解決植物果皮所產生之農業廢棄物問題及可開闢其再利用之潛力。而研究二，於保育豬階段設置加熱墊，因本試驗係於2020年7~8月進行，正值盛暑，環境溫度偏高因而無法呈現本試驗中保溫處理之效果。
並列摘要
Natural plant extracts are often an ideal substitute for antibiotics in feed, while tannin is a polyphenol compound that exists in plants and shares a variety of biological activities to improve the intestinal microbial ecosystem and to enhance intestinal health. Among them, the plant peel (agriculture waste) contains a lot of tannins, which helps digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, plant peel possesses antioxidant activity to assist reducing the degenerative diseases. Hence, this study is to explore the effects of feed additives (tannic acid, agricultural waste) on the growth performance and serum biochemical value in nursery pigs. In addition, piglets possess poor body temperature regulation ability and with difficulties to maintain body temperature. When the body temperature is too low, they will be prone to face starvation, diseases or eventually death. Therefore, the second study is intended to explore the effect of heat preservation type on the growth performance and serum biochemical value of nursery pigs. The first test of the first study was the addition of tannins to the pigs feed pigs of aged 7-60 days. The control group (group C) and the test group 1 (0.15%) were added with 0% tannin in the feed at 7-28 days old (T1) and 0.1% test group 2 (T2), and 28-60 days of age is 0% tannin in the C group, 0.2% in the T1 group and 0.15% in the T2 group. The outcomes illustrated that the initial weight of group C was significantly higher than that of treatment groups (3.30 vs. 2.75 and 3.01 kg). In addition, the weight gain of pigs in group C at 7-28 days of age (141.56 g), body weight at 28 days (7.2 kg) and daily weight gain (244.86 g) at 28-60 days were similar to those of group T2 (P> 0.05) , And were significantly higher (P <0.05) than the T1 group. The analysis of serum biochemical characteristics showed that there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in serum Cu, total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC) and Fe in group C, T1 and T2. In addition, test 2 added 0.5% plant peel powder to the feed of aged 28-63 days. The evaluation results of growth traits showed that the pigs of the control group (group C) with basic diet gained daily weight at 28-42 days ( 193.57 vs. 237.14 g), 42-day-old body weight (10.36 vs. 11.29 kg), 42-63-day-old daily weight gain (316.98 vs. 348.89 g), and 60-day-old body weight (17.02 vs. 18.62 kg) were similar as those in the experimental group (group T, 28-63 days old, add 0.5% plant peel powder to the basal diet) (P > 0.05). There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the analysis values of serum biochemical characteristics between the group C and the group T. In the analysis of fecal scoring index, there was no significant difference in scoring index between group C and group T (P> 0.05). And in analysis of the diarrhea incidence, there was no significant difference between group C and group T (P> 0.05). Study 2 was the growth performance of nursery pigs using floor-type heating pads for heat preservation showed that the total weight gain (30.83 vs. 34.38 kg) and total feed intake (57.25 vs. 71.25 kg), as well as their feed efficiency (1.86 vs. 2.07) of nursery pigs were no difference between groups and there showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the heat preservation group (group T). The outcomes of the stool score index demonstrated that there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the stool score index between the group C and the group T. There was no significant difference in the diarrhea incidence between group C and group T (P > 0.05). In the first experiment of study 1, due to each litter of piglets was used as the grouping unit, the initial weight of the suckling piglets in the control group (group C) was significantly higher than that of T1 and T2; if the initial weight of the T2 group was adjusted to that of the group C (3.30/ 3.01= 1.1), the growth values of the T2 group will be multipled 1.1 times, and these growth traits would be higher than the group C. Hence, it illustrated that 0.15% tannins were suggested to add to the basic diet at the age of 7-28 days. Adding 0.10% tannin (T2 group) at -60 days of age had better growth performance, which might be an important reason for the better weighing traits of nursery pigs in the T2 group in this experiment. In the study 1 experiment 2, the addition of plant peel powder had no effect on the growth and health status of nursery pigs. Whereas, it was revealed that the weight of piglets in the nursery pigs in the plant peel powder group was nearly 1 kg higher than the control group at the age of 42 days (11.29 vs. 10.36 kg), and 1.6 kg at the age of 63 days. (18.62 vs. 17.02 kg). Whereas at the statistical level, there was no significant difference in growth performance between two treatment groups. It was still considerably helpful to the economic efficiency of pig farmers’ production, and it can also assist to solve problems of plant peel waste. The problems of agricultural waste generated by the peels were seems to have potentials on reusing and recycling. In the second study, a heating pad was set up during the nursery stage, due to the experiment was conducted from July to August 2020, the heat of the summer and the ambient temperature was too high, it might lower the effect of the heat preservation treatment.