- 期刊
乾隆皇帝之菩薩唐卡研究
The Emperor Qianlong Bodhisattva Thangkas Research
摘要
藏族的唐卡是一種非常具體的宗教修行工具，從製作選取主尊開始到一系列嚴格的規範步驟去完成畫面，其並非如一般所見的肖像畫，它具有十分明確的宗教意義。由於唐卡的製作要求依據經典，所以是起於經典也終於宗教用途，較與平時所認知的神像畫有更進一步值得討論之處。 清乾隆皇帝選擇用藏族的唐卡形式來為自己繪製圖像，絕非臨時起意或遊戲之作，更特別的是他應該很清楚繪製唐卡的意義，因為他曾經投入相當的時間學習藏傳佛教之教理，而乾隆身邊更有一位精通藏傳佛教宗義的三輩章嘉呼圖克圖國師在協助，因此可知他是有充分的認知下才進行的畫像，並在相當長的時間中，要求不同的人員為他繪製這樣子的唐卡。 乾隆皇帝對其掌政時期的民族問題之解決投入相當的心力，特別是妥善掌握蒙藏兩大民族。清代的這部分民族問題解決基礎在藏傳佛教，所以讓乾隆皇帝在藏傳佛教用心更多，因此提出以唐卡這項宗教修行用具來利用，並非意外之舉。 目前討論乾隆皇帝的政策或治略的研究頗多，但少以唐卡的宗教意義為切入點的討論，本文擬以此為重心討論，藉由唐卡繪製的過程探討乾隆的用心。
並列摘要
Tibet Thangkas is a very specific religious spiritual tool. To complete a Tankha picture, it must select the main supreme at the beginning then follow up with a serial of strict painting guideline. Thangkas is not just a portrait as its look; it stands for a religious significance. The production of Thangkas is based on the religious scripture; it is origin from the religious and to serve for its purpose. Thangkas has more meaningful than just a moral painting and worth for further discussion. Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong made his own portrait in the format of Tibet Thangkas; it was not by accidently or just for pleasure. As Emperor Qianlong dedicated himself in Tibet Buddhism for tremendous years, he should have known the implication of Thangkas. Particularly, Emperor Qianlong accustomed to have a Tibet Buddhism's master-” The high rank Monk Chang Jia The 3(superscript rd”) coaching. Emperor Qianlong was fully aware of the significance of Thangkas before he made his own portrait. He also requested various painters to draw the Thangkas of his kind for a long period of time. During Emperor Qianlong's ruled the empire he put great efforts in solving ethnic problems. Tibet and Mongolian were two well cared areas in particularly. Tibetan Buddhism was the fundamental to resolve those ethnic issues in Qing Dynasty. Therefore Emperor Qianlong paid more attention on the Tibetan Buddhism. It was not surprised that he used the religious tool like Thangkas to execute his principle. There are many studies of Emperor Qianlong's policies or strategy, however, discussion of implication of religious Thangkas is rare. This article is exploring Emperor Qianlong's intention through the painting steps of Thangkas.