- 期刊
現代漢語「形容詞＋起來」之探討－以「中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫」為本
A Study of Adjective+qilai in Modern Chinese: A Sinica Corpus-based Approach
摘要
「起來」是現代漢語中最常用的趨向補語之一，表示從下到上的移動。因為該詞的使用頻率較高，大多數華語詞典、教科書都將其意義和用法記錄下來。除了基本的趨向義之外，「起來」還可以出現在一部分動詞或形容詞後面表結果義、開始義等等。這種語義類型複雜、句法形式多變對外籍生來說是一個學習難點。歷年來學術界關於趨向補語「起來」的相關研究不少，但是多半注重在動詞後補語「起來」的語法與意義分析，對於「形容詞＋起來」多只解釋為表示「一種狀態開始發展，程度繼續加深」（呂叔湘，1999）或是「新的狀態開始」（劉月華，2001）。然而究竟什麼樣的形容詞可以與「起來」結合？什麼時候用「形容詞＋起來」？此結構跟其他詞語的搭配情況如何？等問題目前還没得到適當的解釋。再者，以往學者多藉著文學作品來分析「形容詞＋起來」，比如房玉清（2001）考察該結構的句式時所舉的例句都來自王蒙、老舍、蘇叔陽等作品，未從社會、生活、科學等面向更廣泛去觀察，實有遺憾。故本文以「中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫」為研究範圍，考察「形容詞＋起來」在真實語料中使用的情況。語料蒐集結果顯示，除了文學之外，「形容詞＋起來」也出現在各種不同的文體裡，且可以與「不」、「了」搭配構成四類句式。因爲受到「不」、「了」的影響，這些句式之間在表達意義上有差異。經過分析後，本文還發現形容詞須有「非定量，可控性」的語義特徵才能進入此結構。
並列摘要
Qilai, one of the most commonly used directional complements in modern Chinese, indicates upward movement. Due to its frequent use, the meaning and usage of the term are included in most Chinese dictionaries and textbooks. In addition to basic directional meaning, qilai also provides aninchoativeor completive meaning when added to the beginning or end of a verb or an adjective. Its complicated semantic rules and diversified syntactic forms produce a steep learning curve for foreign students. Over the years, there have been many studies related to this directional complement, although they mostly focus on the analysis of the syntax and meaning of qilai serving as a verb complement. For the usage of adjective+qilai, there are only a few descriptions, such as ＂a state starts and keeps developing＂ (Lu, 1999) or ＂a new state starts＂ (Liu, 2001). But exactly what types of adjectives work with qilai? When can one use adjective+qilai? How does this usage work with other phrases? These questions have yet to be answered. Furthermore, in the past, researchers mostly used works of literature to analyze the usage of adjective+qilai. Take Fang (2001) as an example: while he studied such syntactic structure, the examples he mentioned were all from the literary works of Wang Meng, Lao She and Su Shuyang. Studies on this topic from social, living or scientific perspectives are still lacking, which is a pity indeed. Theresearch scope of this papercovers the Sinica Corpus, studying the usage of adjective+qilai in authentic materials. The result of material collection shows that in addition to literature, adjective+qilai appears in other types of writing, and can form four types of sentence patterns by combining with bu and le. Affected by bu and le, these sentence patterns can express different meanings. After our analysis, this study found thatonly adjectives with ＂indefinite numeral and controllable＂ semantic feature will fit into such structure.