中華防災學刊/Journal of the Taiwan Disaster Prevention Society
中華防災學會,正常發行
選擇卷期
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香港氣象台在清朝海關總稅務司的首肯及協助下，於光緒11年（1885年）即提供氣象觀測設備給打狗（高雄）、安平、淡水、漁翁島（澎湖）及南岬（鵝鑾鼻）等海關和燈塔，開始實施簡易的氣象觀測工作，並按月向香港氣象台發送觀測月報。自此刻起，臺灣的氣象事業即正式邁入國際行列。甲午戰爭後，清廷於光緒21年（1895年）依「馬關條約」將臺灣割讓給日本，臺灣自此成為日本殖民地。日本政府於明治29年（1896年）3月公布「臺灣總督府測候所官制」，並在半年之內，於臺北、恆春、澎湖、臺中和臺南五個地方分別設立測候所。之後，為了經濟利益、飛航安全及作戰需求，臺灣總督府根據學者和專家之建議，陸續在臺灣建構「平地─高山─海洋」全面陸海空三系統的氣象觀測網絡。目前氣象局共有二十六個綜觀氣象站，大部份就是日治時期所奠定的基礎。本文彙整自清朝光緒年間、日治時期的明治和昭和年代，以及國民政府遷臺至今，中央氣象局和所屬各氣象站當初設置的緣由，以及具悠久歷史和文化價值的廳舍建築等特色，與大家分享，並共同見證臺灣氣象事業經過130多年以來的發展歷程。
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臺灣早期為了農田灌溉興建許多的農塘，以協助解決枯水期間的用水問題。但隨著社會結構及農業生產的改變，有些農塘逐漸被荒廢或轉作其他用途。農塘具有生產、生態及生活等三生功能，應改予以重視。目前政府正進行全面性的農塘盤點，以掌握農塘之現況及其三生與防洪功能。本研究主要想了解農塘對於其周圍微氣候之影響。研究對象以在臺南市官田區葫蘆埤、龍崎區牛埔農塘及六甲區瓦窯埤為主，以農塘周圍的溫度及濕度為量測標的，量測時間於2018年8月開始至2019年5月為止，然後分析農塘周圍環境在溫度及濕度上的差異。結果顯示農塘和附近參考點比較，白天溫度較低，夜間溫度較高，顯示農塘水體具有調節周圍環境溫度之功能。
- 期刊
The article presents informative and educational resources on forestation, agroforestry and water resources, downloadable for free from the internet. In traditional agriculture, livestock, crops and trees were combined together; since the 1800s they have been progressively separated in order to maximize productivity, but this has exposed fields to wind and water erosion. On the contrary, in agroforestry systems, trees and shrubs protect the fields from the adverse effects of strong winds and rains, such as soil erosion and moisture loss. Whereas, for instance, grazing livestock may reduce wildfire risk in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry can be practiced even in lands too steep for cropping and may promote the best use of water and nutrients thanks to: complementary root distribution, hydraulic redistribution, improved water infiltration and common mycorrhizal networks. Afforestation in tropical drylands is often discouraged because a large number of mature trees may dry out the soil; whereas, the positive effect on groundwater recharge of a moderate tree cover has been neglected. In fact, water infiltration into the litter covered soil below trees is 5-10 times faster than in a bare soil. This is why agroforestry systems may contribute to reduce downstream flooding. Several documents describe the large scale afforestation, and creation of agroforestry systems being carried on in drylands of China and Africa. Different techniques may reduce the velocity of runoff during heavy rains, thus providing enough time for water infiltration into the soil. This is important for soil and water conservation, and the improvement of agricultural productivity. Dryland afforestation is limited, e.g. to riparian zones of rivers or lakes, while in drier areas plants with lower water requirement, such as herbs and shrubs, are grown. The mechanisms by which forests influence weather and climate include CO_2 sequestration, evapotranspiration, cloud formation. In addition, because of a lower albedo, the forests absorb more incoming solar energy than surrounding desert or snowy areas, which leads to higher temperatures. Some documents deal with urban forests seen as a chance to improve the quality of life of the quickly growing urban population. The article also presents a few strategies for reducing deforestation.