本研究探討台灣視障兒童與青少年在平面的空間表現發展。研究對象爲台北市立啟明學校所有全盲無任何視覺(不含光覺)之學生20位,以及台北市某公立國小資源班之視障(僅有光覺)學生兩位,共22人。年齡分布爲4歲9個月至18歲10個月。實驗設計包含三項觀察描繪業、兩項觀察選擇作業、及一項配對選擇作業,共6個項目。所有作業皆由參與者個別於控制良好的獨立空間內完成;過程無時間限制。採用參與者可觸讀之材料製作刺激物及便於修改之可觸讀畫材。研究主要發現如下: (1)參與者特殊的空間表現:有「混合視點」、「分離的局部特徵」、「相互連結的局部特徵」、「理想角度」。 (2)參與者在所有作業表現五個發展階段特徵:第一階段爲無秩序的空間,類似Lowenfeld & Brittain (1987)之塗鴉期;第二階段爲「分化的高峰」,表現出複雜豐富的物體空間特徵,卻以不合理的方式將其同時呈現;第四階段爲「純化過程」,出現合理連結物體各空間元素的意圖。第五階段爲「整體協調」畫面整體空間開係趨向統一合理;圖像形式單純簡練,採用「直角投射」系統。 (3)參與者之表現在發展上雖有個別差異,且本研究礙於特殊樣本條件之人數限制。難以導出統計學上之推論,但可明顯發現年齡增加使受測者表現較完整命題的空間概念與較成熟的繪畫技巧。6歲與13歲前後有明顯不同表現,應該是重要的發展關鍵時期。6歲前無法表達物體的特徵,6-13歲無法合理聯結各空間元素,13歲以後逐漸能以明眼人熟悉的方式統合畫面元素。 (4)在觀察描繪項的作業表現發現任何「斜角投射」(oblique projection)與「透視」系統(perspective)之運用。該發現與既有研究(Kennedy, 1884, 1983)結果不致。 (5)參與者的繪畫發展途逕意義上大致與常人類似,惟因視覺之缺乏導致圖像形式分散。且造成發展速度落後;並以初階的「直角投射」系統爲最終之策略。
The present research investigates the development of blind children and adolescents' drawing simple, solid, and geometric object/s. 22 congenitally blind participants, ranging in age of 5-19 years, were students of 2 public schools in Taipei. 20 of them, totally blind with no light perception, were all qualified students from a public school for the blind children and adolescents in Taipei. The rest two subjects, light perceiver, from an ordinary public elementary school in the same city. The research includes 3 ”drawing from observation” tasks, 2 ”judgment from obscrvation” tasks, one ”matching” task. All subjects participated each task individually under well-controlled conditions. There is no time limit of any task. The main results suggest that: (1)The strategies frequently adopted by the subjects are ”mixed viewpoints”, ”unconnected local features”, ”connected local features”, and ”ideal viewpoint”. (2)The results reveal 5 developmental stages: At the first stage, there is no spatial order in the drawing. Only scribbling in the drawing. Secondly, the subjects depict local features that construct the spatial quality of an object. The third stage is a stage of differentiation. The variety of local feature is represented. The subjects are not capable to integrate the relation of all facets reasonably. At the fourth stage, drawing image is refined, and facet shaped by closed line is shown. The subjects are trying to connect the local features together, but not successfully. At the final stage, spatial features of the object/s are connected logically. Orthographic projection system is used frequently. (3)Although it is hard to make powerful prediction statistically because of small sample size in this research, the developmental changing in the drawings is obvious. Age 6 and age 13 are critical period of development. Before age 6, feature of object is not represented. After age 13, features of objects are organized in a way that is also adopted by sighted people. (4)There is no sign of using oblique projection system or perspective. The finding is against Kennedy's suggestion. (5)The drawing development found in the present research is similar to the development of sighted people from the viewpoint of differentiation and refinement. However, lacking of visual experience slows down the development speed, and probably cut off the more advanced stages which most sighted people can reach.