臺灣縣市稻米生產效率及生產力分析

The Efficiency and Productivity Analysis of Rice Production in Taiwan's Counties

郭芫卉(Yuan-Huei Kuo) ； 羅竹平(Chu-Ping Lo) ； 雷立芬(Li-Fen Lei)

《台灣農學會報》 16卷1期 (2015/03) Pp. 18-33

https://doi.org/10.6730/JAAT.201503_16(1).0002

摘要

本研究使用資料包絡法及Malmquist生產力指數，評估臺灣地區15縣市稻米之相對效率及生產力變化，以佐證目前輔導稻田轉作或休耕措施的正確性與合理性。研究過程以稻穀產量做為產出變數，種苗費、肥料費、工資以及設算地租為投入變數，同時探討稻作面積、資本、農藥費及地理位置等環境因素對於生產效率之影響。實證資料引用自2007-2012年之「稻穀生產成本調查報告」。實證結果發現，在第一期稻作，宜蘭縣、嘉義縣市與屏東縣達到技術效率，但是第二期作無任何縣市在樣本期間均具生產效率，顯見第二期作的生產效率較不理想。在不影響安全存量的前提下，農委會加強輔導第二期作轉作或休耕，有其必要性。從環境變數分析，稻作面積對生產效率值有正的影響效果、資本對效率值有負的影響效果，顯示繼續推動擴大耕作面積與防止農地被建商炒作都是提高生產效率的重要手段。此外，農藥費用對效率無顯著影響，應多教育農民適度而合理使用農藥，以免無法提昇效率反而過度破壞環境。從地理位置討論，臺北新北市、宜蘭縣、雲林縣、嘉義縣市、臺南市、高雄市以及屏東縣都比桃竹苗地區，更具生產效率。最後根據Malmquist生產力指數，我國稻米生產力在衡量期間並無顯著進步狀態，特別第一期作的技術效率處在退步狀態。但是就縣市別分析，第一期作，僅苗栗縣及臺中市因效率改變進步而總要素生產力處於進步狀態；第二期稻作，各縣市區域之稻米生產力及技術變動都處於進步狀態，顯示生產者能透過技術進步，找到獲利的基礎。雖然第二期作是政府輔導休耕的重點，若業者已達最適規模，則應該鼓勵繼續發展，以免過度休耕而浪費資源。由於第一期作生產效率平均高於第二期作，若是第一期作之技術效率持續在退步狀態，長久以往，我國稻米生產可能完全不具效率而失去競爭力，農政機關應該重視相關課題。

關鍵字

稻米 ； 縣市 ； 資料包絡法 ； Malmquist生產力指數

並列摘要

This study conducts an analysis on production efficiency and productivity for Taiwan's 15 counties, which uses Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist productivity index. Inputs items including seeding cost, fertility treatments cost, wage, and rent, are collected from Taiwan Rice Production Cost Survey during the period from 2007 through 2012. Planted area, capital, pesticide expenses, and location indicators are used as environment variables to explain efficiency by Tobit model. The results have shown that Chiayi County is the benchmark for other counties in the first crop season; however, there is no one in the second crop season. The findings support the intention behind set-aside policy for the second crop season implanted by agricultural administration to reduce rice production. In addition, it is found that planted area has a positive relationship with efficiency, while capital is negatively related. Therefore, policies of enlarging the size of paddy field and preventing speculation on farmland are in need of improveing production efficiency. Finally, progressing productivity pattern has been only observed in Miaoli County and Taichung City in the first crop season, while it has been observed in all counties in the second crop season due to the technical progress. The finding is the evidence that proves the importance of technology on productivity. It is worthy to mention that the government should pay more attention to the trend of the worsening in productivity for the first season in order to maintain overall competiveness of Taiwan's rice industry.

並列關鍵字

Rice ； Counties ； Data Envelopment Analysis ； Malmquist Productivity Index