- 期刊
大專院校「學院寫作報告」問題層次與組織架構說明示例
Elucidation of the Idea Arrangement and Text Structure of Academic Report Writing for University Students and Its Examples
摘要
清華大學自2006年秋季起開設全校共同必修「大學中文」課程，此為單一學期課程，今年春季即將邁入第八個學期。課程以教授「學院報告寫作」為核心內容；教材教法之取徑為：藉由閱讀引導寫作；具體授課進程是：將寫作類型區分為描寫、敘述、說明與議論四種基本類型，導引學生理解四種寫類的基本特徵與語言模式，進而循此自覺自發地建立、培養經由閱讀以學習寫作的基礎能力；習作一篇性質屬於「說明」或是「議論」的「學院報告」以為學期寫作重點。這篇文章主要談論大專院校「學院報告」中所呈現的「問題層次」與「組織架構圖」之間的關係。如何思考、追索問題的答案，提出幾個問題層次，以何種方式推衍意義線索，皆將與全文組織架構將呈現出何種「圖式」息息相關。我們在清華大學必修課程「大學中文」的學期作業中可以看到五種「組織架構圖」，它們分別是：「放射狀」、「網收狀」、「線性發展」、「首尾如環」與「階梯狀」。「放射狀」的組織架構是指以一個主要論點連鎖、通貫各個次要論點；「網收狀」則是以平鋪各種現象作為報告開端，最後才重提論旨總收全文；依據時間順序先後、情節發展過程，或是問題的意義深淺層次作不可逆回式的章節安排，即是運用了「線性發展」的概念組織章節架構；最後一個章節的論題可以迴環緊扣第一個章節的論題屬於「首尾如環」的組織架構；至於「階梯狀」的組織架構則是依照意義層次之不同，以層層向上躍升的方式推導論題。本文以新竹清華大學學生作業為例說明五種「組織架構圖」的構作特色。
並列摘要
This paper discusses the relationship between the idea arrangement and text structure of academic report writing for university students, where several idea arrangements to consider and trace the important issues by deducing from implication clues can be schematically correlated with the structure of article. Five typical structures, such as divergence, convergence, deduction, recursion and leaping types, are recapitulated from the student homework of the ”College Chinese” lectured at NTHU. The divergence type starts from a central idea, which diverse sub-ideas are derived from. In contrast, the convergence type first gives various subjects in the text and the key points are then summarized from these aforementioned information. In the deduction type articles, ideas are consecutively deduced from another ideas according to the sequence of meaning. For recursive writings, an early issue can be traced back by its later successors. The last type of report writing employs the approach of deduction by idea leaping, where ideas of different classes can be connected. At last these five basic writing types are demonstrated through the student homework collected at NTHU.
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