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  • 學位論文

台灣、日本、韓國三國福利和經濟因子對嬰兒死亡率、平均餘命的影響

Economic and welfare determinants of infant mortality and Life expectancy: An analysis of Taiwan, Japan, and Korea

指導教授 : 莊媖智

摘要


先前探討福利國家間民眾健康差異的研究,依照Esping-Andersen的分類標準進行國家民眾健康的比較,但這些分類多是依照歐洲國家福利等特徵所發展的,對於以發展經濟為主要國家政策的東亞國家來說有其不適用性。因此本研究探討台灣、日本、及韓國三國,福利及經濟因子對群體健康的影響;分析各國之每千人醫師數、健康支出、社會福利支出,以及國內生產毛額、女性就業率、失業率、對外貿易收支、以及農業人口比例,是否對於嬰兒死亡率及平均餘命存在影響,並且進一步的探討這些因子對於健康的影響程度是否有國家的差異。 本研究為國家層次之生態研究,利用經濟合作暨發展組織的資料庫取得日本及韓國多年之變項資料,台灣的部分則由行政院衛生署、中華民國統計資訊網等資料庫取得。各國資料自一九六零年至二零零八年共四十九個樣本,利用SAS統計軟體進行描述性及多變項回歸(Autoregressive Model)等統計分析。 研究結果發現,即使在調整人口結構和每人國內生產毛額後,醫師數、和每人國內生產毛額,為影響三國嬰兒死亡率、及平均餘命的重要因素。而健康支出則只對日本、及韓國的平均餘命造成顯著影響;而社會支出的話,則只有在韓國平均餘命的部分看到顯著影響。而女性就業率的部分,台灣、韓國之女性就業率對於嬰兒死亡率存在顯著的影響,在台灣,女性就業率越高嬰兒死亡率越低,但在韓國則發現相反的結果。而失業率和農業人口比率對嬰兒死亡率和平均餘命的影響,僅在日本發現是具有顯著的影響性。對外貿易收支的部分,則只發現韓國之平均餘命顯著受到其影響。 失業率對健康因子的影響方向和假設相反,可能是因為隨著經濟發展達到飽和的狀態,大環境趨於工業化的結果,對於人力的需求下降,導致在已開發國家中,失業率提高,不見得是一個國家經濟能力變差的指標。貿易收支越高在韓國的部分有發現能顯著提升平均餘命,且在台灣和日本也看到一致的方向性。因此對外貿易對於多面環海的東亞國家來說,是一個影響經濟及民眾健康的重要因子。且帶有東亞國家特徵的女性就業率及農業人口比例,也發現確實對於民眾健康存在顯著影響性。而在三國嬰兒死亡率及平均餘命受福利及經濟因子影響程度的比較的部分。結果發現這些福利、經濟因子對嬰兒死亡率影響程度並沒有國家的差異。而在平均餘命的部分則是發現日本的醫師數、貿易收支以及農業人口比例對平均餘命的影響程度是大於韓國的;但在經濟因子的部分則可以明顯看到韓國的平均餘命受到每人國內生產毛額的影響程度是大於日本和台灣的。

並列摘要


The relationships between welfare state characteristics and population health have been well established. The most common welfare state classification proposed by Esping-Andersen did not consider East Asian countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the effects of economic and welfare characteristics on infant mortality rate(IMR)and life expectancy(LE)in Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. In addition, this study compares the impact of economic and welfare factors on IMR and LE among the three countries. This study collected time series data from 1960 to 2008. The data on Japan and Korea were from OECD Health Data 2008 and OECD-Country statistical profiles 2008. The data on Taiwan were from the yearly report of the Department of Health and National Statistics. Autoregressive models were constructed to analyze the data. Our results contained six parts. First, after adjusting dependency ratios and GDP per capita, density of physicians and GDP significantly influenced IMR and LE in three countries. Second, social expenditure was associated with IMR and LE in Japan. Third, health expenditure was associated the LE in Japan and Korea. Forth, female employment rates were positively associated with IMR in Taiwan, but were negatively associated with IMR in Korea. Fifth, unemployment rates and agriculture employment rates significantly influenced LE in Japan. Finally, trade balance is an important factor in the three countries, in particular for Korea. We also compared the impacts of welfare and economic characteristics on IMR and LE among the three countries. We discovered that the impacts of the density of physicians, trade balance, and agriculture employment were greater in Japan than in Korea. In contrast, the GDP per capita had greater influence on LE in Korea than in Japan and Taiwan. In sum, we found density of physicians and GDP were important determinants of population health in three countries and the effects of welfare and economic characteristics on LE varied by countries. Future studies could include income inequality and education expenditure to further characterize the context of welfare provision and compare the different impacts of economic and welfare characteristics on health between East Asian and western societies.

參考文獻


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