武裝衝突期間軍隊的文化資產保護角色及其實踐：2003年伊拉克戰爭的影響

The Military's Roles and Practices of Cultural Property Protection during Armed Conflicts: The Effects of the Iraq War (2003-2011)

郭雪真(Hsueh Chen Kuo)

《問題與研究》 59卷1期 (2020/03) Pp. 55-106

https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.202003_59(1).0002

摘要

武裝衝突期間軍隊保護人類文化資產的角色，國際人道法、國際人權法與國際刑法訂有相關的義務及規範，但此義務或法律規範具體的落實則是有賴於國際組織與強國（主要是美國）在不同的戰爭或武裝衝突期間的實際經驗。即使美國在2003年伊拉克戰爭前已經規劃保護當地文化資產的措施，軍隊及其盟軍仍遭致批評未能保護文化資產。後續2004年在科索沃戰爭期間未能保護東正教（Eastern Orthodox）修道院及防止種族屠殺之間的兩難、2005年在伊拉克薩馬拉（Samarra）歷史1200年的清真寺螺旋塔遭到毀壞，以及2014∼2015年「伊斯蘭國」蓄意毀滅古文明文物等案例，都呈現出聯合國、「北約組織」及歐美國家軍隊保護文化資產的關鍵角色，更促使其在伊拉克戰爭後強化文化資產保護的認知及能力，以及建立更完善的文化資產保護制度。本文第一部分略述國際法有關武裝衝突期間軍隊尊重與保護文化資產的規定，以理解軍隊的保護角色是國際法所賦予的責任與義務。第二部分說明2003年伊拉克戰爭前後美國建立的文化資產保護措施，以理解美軍在伊拉克戰爭前的文化資產保護準備工作，以及伊拉克國家博物館文物遭劫遭竊事件及其後續的影響。第三部分以2003年伊拉克國家博物館事件後的三個案例，論述軍隊保護文化資產的關鍵角色。第四部分探討伊拉克戰爭後國際組織與歐美國家為強化軍隊保護文化資產的角色、認知與能力，建立相關政策與準則的措施。探索上述各項議題，藉以展現軍隊在戰前的規劃、戰時的防制及戰後的懲治，其保護文化資產的重要角色。

關鍵字

文化資產保護 ； 武裝衝突法 ； 國際人權法 ； 國際人道法 ； 國際刑事法院

並列摘要

This research tries to explore the evolution of international laws regarding the cultural property protection (CPP) during the event of armed conflict with armed forces having obligations to protect cultural property from Law of War, International Humanitarian Law, Law of International Human Rights and International Criminal Law. However, the international practices were based on the interactions of international politics and international laws have been played by great powers (particularly United States) in wars or armed conflicts. It is important to note that the American military and its alliance failed to protect cultural property during Iraq War (2003), despite the U.S. has planned to protect before the War began. Following the dilemma of Monastery of the Archangel (2004), the destruction of spiral Minaret al-Malwiya at Samarra (2005), and the mass destruction of Islamic State (2014-2015), it is needed to explore the critical roles of international organizations and militaries in CPP using these cases. Furthermore, to explore the reformations of CPP, related policies and doctrines of United Nations, NATO and Occidental States will be examined. This research is divided into four sections - the first section describes the evolution of international laws in relation to the the military's roles in CPP to illustrate the empowered roles played by laws; the second section describes America's planned CPP programs before and after the Iraq War (2003), in order to describe the CPP preparation done by Americans before the war and to show the influence of looting at the Iraq National Museum on CCP; the third section takes three cases following the Iraq War as examples for exploring the military's critical roles in CCP; the fourth section explores the policy and doctrinal measures of CCP that was reformatted by international organizations(UN and NATO) and Occidental States after the War for strengthening the roles, awareness and capabilities of armed forces. All these issues will demonstrate the military's critical roles of the CPP in planning, preventing and correcting cultural criminals of War.

並列關鍵字

Cultural Property Protection ； Law of Armed Conflict ； International Human Rights Law ； International Humanitarian Law ； International Criminal Court

參考文獻

王怡，2005，〈論國際刑事法院與聯合國安理會的關係〉，《海南大學學報人文社會科學版》，23(2): 207-212。Wang, Yi.2005. “Lun guo ji xing shi fa yuan yu lian he guo an li hui de guan xi” [On the Relationship Between the International Criminal Court and UN Security Council]. Humanities & Social Science Journal of Hainan University, 23(2): 207-212.

王保鍵，2015，〈混合法庭：國際刑法制度中追訴嚴重犯罪的新模式〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，27(3)：507-546。Wang, Pao-chien.2015. “Hun he fa ting: guo ji xing fa zhi du zhong zhui su yan zhong fan zui de xin mo shi”[Hybrid Courts: New Forms of Prosecuting Serious Crimes in International Criminal Law]. Journal of Social Science and Philosophy, 27(3): 507-546.

林雍昇，2005，〈從國際刑法的發軔到國際刑事法院的成立-兼述羅馬規約的主要內容〉，《台灣國際法季刊》，2(2): 281-307。Lin, Long-sheng. 2005. “Cong guo ji xing fa de fa ren dao guo ji xing shi fa yuan de cheng li-jian shu luo ma gui yue de zhu yao nei rong” [The Birth of the Modern International Criminal law and the Establishment of the International Criminal Court]. Taiwan International Law Quarterly, 2(2): 281-307.

孫國祥，2002，〈國際刑事法院未來成效之探討：多一點法律少一點政治？〉，《問題與研究》，14(1): 105-123。Sun, Kuo-shyang. 2002. “Guo ji xing shi fa yuan wei lai cheng xiao zhi tan tao: duo yi dian fa lu shao yi dian zheng zhi?” [The Future Effectiveness of the International Criminal Court: More Justice and Less Politics?]. Wenti Yu Yanjiu, 14(1): 105-123.

陳榮傳，2001，〈由國際法觀點論武裝衝突事件中文化資產之保護〉，丘宏達教授六秩晉五華誕祝壽論文集編輯委員會主編，《國際法論集：丘宏達教授六秩晉五華誕祝壽論文集》：495-503，台北：三民。Chen, Rong-chwqn. 2001. “You guo ji fa guan dian lun wu zhuang chong tu shi jian zhong wen hua zi chan zhi bao hu” [On the Protections of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict Events: International Law Perspectives]. In The Board of Editors for Professor Hungdah Chiu 65th Birthday Greeting Papers, ed., “Guo ji fa lun ji :qiu hong da jiao shou liu zhi jin wu hua dan zhu shou lun wen ji” [International Law Papers: Professor Hungdah Chiu 65th Birthday Greeting Papers], pp.495-503. Taipei: Sanmin.