論「丹書」在春秋戰國時期的功能與衍變

「丹書」在秦漢社會之所以頻繁使用，其背後的依據可以追溯至春秋戰國時期的「丹書」形態及其功能。「丹書」在春秋戰國時期的發展存在三種形態，即春秋盟誓之「丹書」、戰國諸子之「丹書」、五德終始之「丹書」。春秋時期的盟誓「丹書」，處於這一衍變過程的起點，它由凡人來書寫，是凡人呈現給神靈的貢品；戰國諸子將「丹書」加以轉變：原本由凡人書寫的言辭，轉而變成了先王、聖人書寫的言辭，進而成為聖人訓誡凡人的載體；隨後，五德終始理論利用「丹書」來表達神意，即「丹書」由神靈書寫，再由神靈宣示於人間，「赤雀銜丹書」的傳說於此出現。從春秋到戰國末期，「丹書」由呈現給神靈的文本轉變為神靈向人世間宣示神意的手段。

關鍵字

丹書；五德終始；《武王踐阼》；《侯馬盟書》；功能；衍變

並列摘要

The reason that ＂Danshu＂ frequently appeared in the Qin and Han society, is that the basis could be traced back to the form and function of ＂Danshu＂ in Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. ＂Danshu＂ included three forms in the development of Spring and Autumn Warring States Period: ＂Danshu＂ of the oath of alliance in Spring and Autumn Period, ＂Danshu＂ of the philosophers in Warring States, ＂Danshu＂ of the cyclic revolution of Five Virtues. ＂Danshu＂ of the oath of alliance was the starting point of this process, which was written by man and presented to the gods as offerings; The philosophers of Warring States had changed the using way of ＂Danshu＂: the words written by man turned into the text written by saints and ancient kings, and became textbooks of saints admonishing man; then the theory of the cyclic revolution of Five Virtues used ＂Danshu＂ to express the will of gods, that is, the gods wrote ＂Danshu＂ and declared to man, and then, the legend of ＂red bird's mouth carrying Danshu＂ appeared. From Spring and Autumn to Warring States, ＂Danshu＂ became from the text presented to the gods as offerings to means of the gods declaring their will to man.