張載哲學中「禮」與「理」間的轉換機制

The Transition Mechanism between ＂Proprieties＂ and ＂Principles＂ in Zhang Zai's Philosophy

黃信二(Hsin-Er HUANG)

《哲學與文化》 47卷1期 (2020/01) Pp. 97-117

摘要

張載重「禮」實有其的時空背景－即「今世（宋代）之不講禮」，禮在當時最大的問題即是形式化與僵化，形式化原本並無問題，因其本屬於社會制度需求下的人文規劃；然而，僵化的問題乃源自於「禮」的「文字性內容」能否承載人的情感的問題。即問題根源，主要是實踐禮者本人的動機能否具有天理的根源性，此亦屬理學家以「理」重新詮釋「禮」，欲還原孔子的「禮之本」，故而強調「禮者理也」的原因。本文的結構將區分為三部分，其中第一項要點將分析「禮」與「理」間轉換的「動力」與「對象」，從「理」的本質意義、從天理到人理的內在邏輯，以及「禮」的內涵加以說明。第二項「如何轉換」，則從分析「禮」的工夫論、以克己之「理」探掘「禮」之基礎，透過工夫論的屬性，彰顯使轉換得以成立的人之主體性。第三項「轉換的機制與其功能」，則依「理」與「禮」兩者的關係，提出三項轉換原則，說明其轉換與互相詮釋如何可能；最後再提出「如理之禮」與「禮」的功能，依此三項脈絡呈現出張載所言「禮者理也」命題的深義。

關鍵字

張載 ； 禮 ； 理 ； 克己復禮 ； 禮之本

並列摘要

Zhang Zai's emphasis on ＂proprieties＂ can be accounted for by the background of his time, that is, the negligence of proprieties in the Song Dynasty, when proprieties suffered from formalization and rigidization. There was nothing wrong with the formalization of proprieties since it's a humanistic design catering to the needs of the social system; however, the issue with rigidization was about whether the ＂textual content＂ of ＂proprieties＂ was able to express the feelings of people. Therefore, this issue was majorly about whether one's motivation to practice proprieties originated in heavenly principles, which was also the reason why Neo-Confucians reinterpreted ＂proprieties＂ through ＂principles,＂ attempted to restore Confucius's ＂basis of proprieties＂ and accordingly focused on ＂proprieties being principles.＂ This article is divided into three sections; the first one is to analyze the ＂drive＂ and ＂object＂ of the transition between ＂proprieties＂ and ＂principles,＂ explicating the essential meaning of ＂principles,＂ the internal logics of heavenly principles and human principles, along with the immanence of ＂proprieties.＂ The second section is about ＂how the transition was made,＂ analyzing the cultivation of ＂proprieties,＂ delving into the basis of ＂proprieties＂ through the ＂principle＂ of self-restraint and manifesting the human subjectivity which enabled the transition. The third section is about the ＂mechanism and function of the transition,＂ pointing out three rules of transition and explaining what enabled such transition and mutual interpretation. Finally, we suggest the functions of ＂proprieties as principles＂ and ＂proprieties,＂ presenting accordingly the profound meaning of Zhang Zai's proposition of ＂proprieties being principles.＂

並列關鍵字

Zhang Zai ； Proprieties ； Principles ； Self-restraint and Restoration of Proprieties ； Basis of Proprieties

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