北京城市新移民的空間流動與社會流動：「去」與「留」之間

The Spatial and Social Mobility of New Migrants to Beijing: Staying or Leaving?

宋郁玲(Yu-Ling Song) ； 陳金永(Kam Wing Chan)

《人口學刊》 55期 (2017/12) Pp. 39-97

https://doi.org/10.6191/JPS.2017.55.02

摘要

本文在探討中國城市新移民是否能透過空間流動而影響社會流動，進而成為未來的中產階層，達到中國「擴大中產階層」的社會發展目標。在戶籍制度仍具有深刻影響力的中國社會當中，城市新移民的空間流動與社會流動之間存在著複雜的關係，本文提出的問題是：影響中國城市新移民社會流動的因子是什麼？空間流動能否克服制度障礙成為積累資本形成社會流動的途徑？我們將城市新移民的特性分析並加以分類，透過田野調查與深度訪談57位受訪者，以疊圖與主題分析城市新移民中各個群體的空間流動與社會流動的關係。我們依據城市新移民的階層狀態分為：「邊緣專業」、「邊緣白領」、「邊緣知識」與「邊緣富裕」等四類。整體而言，在戶籍制度產生集體排除的狀態下，對戶籍制度有較多負面感受者，他們更傾向於透過空間流動來尋找社會階層向上流動的可能，如「邊緣專業」與「邊緣富裕」，文化資本則無法成為城市新移民社會流動的關鍵因素。反之，對戶籍制度逐漸漠視或者順從制度的壓力者，繼續透過移動累積資本的可能性較小，如「邊緣白領」、「邊緣知識」。他們雖然是中國「擴大中產階層」的對象，但生活空間卻在都市發展政策下被一步步逼退，考驗著「去」或「留」的抉擇。

關鍵字

空間流動 ； 社會流動 ； 邊緣中產階層 ； 城市新移民 ； 北京

並列摘要

This paper investigates whether new migrants to Beijing have achieved upward social mobility to become the middle class through spatial mobility. Expanding the size of the middle class is one of China's development goals. With the household registration system still exerting a strong influence on Chinese society, there exists a complex relationship between spatial and social mobility among new migrants. This research asks two questions: What are the factors affecting the social mobility of new migrants to Beijing? Can spatial mobility overcome institutional obstacles on the path to social mobility? Our research focuses on analyzing the characteristics and grouping of new migrants through fieldwork and in-depth interviews of 57 respondents. Based on their social class status, we divide the new migrants into four groups: ＂marginal professionals,＂ ＂marginal white-collar,＂ ＂new college graduates,＂ and ＂marginal new rich.＂ The relationship between social and spatial mobility of the individual groups of new migrants are identified through overlapping their major features. Our findings show that among the four groups, the ＂marginal professionals＂ and ＂marginal new rich＂, who possess the most and the least cultural capital, respectively, have more opportunities to accumulate capital through spatial mobility and continue their movement in the future. The ＂new college graduates＂ also have plentiful cultural capital, but their experience in spatial mobility is all education-related. These moves cannot be turned into the capital to increase social mobility. For new migrants to Beijing, cultural capital cannot become the key driver of social mobility. The unique phenomenon of Beijing's marginal middle class also shows in their view of the hukou system. Because of the exclusion by the hukou system, groups having more negative views of the hukou system tend to search for the possibility of social mobility through spatial mobility. On the other hand, groups which are indifferent to the hukou system or succumb to the pressure of the hukou system are are less likely to accumulate capital through spatial mobility. Though they are candidates for the new middle class, their living space in the city has been increasingly reduced under the new urbanization policy. They face a difficult decision as to whether to stay, or leave Beijing.

並列關鍵字

spatial mobility ； social mobility ； marginal middle class ； new migrants ； Beijing

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