The Prevalence of Smallpox and the Spread of Vaccination in Late Nineteenth Century Taiwan, Evidence from the Household Registers

日治時期戶口資料顯現的臺灣天花盛行與疫苗普及

邵式柏(John R. Shepherd)

《民俗曲藝》 197期 (2017/09) Pp. 39-75

摘要

That smallpox was a leading cause of death in China in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is widely accepted, but this has rarely been documented quantitatively. Instead the prevalence of smallpox is inferred from scattered reports of epidemics, impressionistic reports of the numbers pockmarked by the disease, and from reports of efforts to staunch the disease through variolation and vaccination. Nor has the extent of vaccination in the population of late nineteenth century China ever been assessed quantitatively. This paper, after a brief review of the reported history of smallpox and vaccination in Taiwan, analyzes a unique source of evidence from the Taiwan household registers created in 1905 that provides quantitative measures of the smallpox and vaccination status of the island's population in the late nineteenth century.

關鍵字

variolation ； vaccination ； smallpox ； household registers

並列摘要

學界普遍接受，天花是中國十八至十九世紀主要死因之一，可惜的是迄今罕有量化文獻可以證明。可供憑證的文獻僅有少數方志曾經記載天花盛行、麻子發生、以及種人痘和種牛痘的普及狀況。到十九世紀末期，仍未有天花疫苗接種的完整量化資料，得以分析天花如何在中國傳染。本論文首先簡短回顧天花與疫苗接種在臺灣的歷史，接着藉由分析珍貴的日治時期臺灣戶口調查簿、以及戶口普查中的量化資料，完整呈現臺灣島在十九世紀末期天花以及疫苗接種的真實狀況。

並列關鍵字

種人痘 ； 種牛痘 ； 天花疫苗 ； 天然痘 ； 天花 ； 戶口調查簿

參考文獻

Customs Medical Reports. 1871-1910. Haiguan Zong Shuiwu Sishu 海關總稅務司署 (Inspectorate General of Customs). Medical Reports. 80 issues. Shanghai: Haiguan Zong Shuiwu Sishu.

Irish University Press(ed.)(1971).Irish University Press Area Studies Series, British Parliamentary Papers: China. [1801-1900].Shannon:Irish University Press.

臺灣銀行經濟研究室(1969)。劉銘傳撫臺前後檔。Taipei:Taiwan yinhang。

Meiji 38-nen rinji Taiwan kokō chōsa, kekka hyō 明治三十八年臨時臺灣戶口調查, 結果表 (Results, Taiwan provisional household census, 1905). 1908. Rinji Taiwan kokō chōsabu 臨時臺灣戶口調查部.Taipei: Rinji Taiwan kokō chōsabu.

Meiji 38-nen rinji Taiwan kokō chōsa, shūkei gempyō, zentō no bu 明治三十八年臨時臺灣戶口調查, 集計原表, 全島ノ部 (Detailed tables, total island, Taiwan provisional household census, 1905). 1907. Rinji Taiwan kokō chōsabu 臨時臺灣戶口調查部. Taipei: Rinji Taiwan kokō chōsabu.