網球選手在回擊球時的視覺行為分析

目的：探討網球選手在回擊發球、抽球、截擊、殺球、吊高球、切球等技能執行時的視覺行為。方法：以大專公開組男性網球選手為研究參與者，研究一的接發球有7人；研究二的五項接球技能有10人。透過眼動儀蒐集參與者對特定發球者的上半身、球拍與球體等凝視位置的凝視時間與次數，依據預備期、執行期及完成期，進行3（時期）x3（位置）相依樣本二因子變異數分析。結果：一、接發球與接抽球，凝視時間與次數最高為預備期凝視上半身、執行期凝視球拍。二、接截擊與接殺球，預備期凝視球體，執行期凝視球拍時間最長，凝視次數最高為預備期凝視球體，執行期凝視球拍與球體。三、接吊高球時，凝視時間與次數最高為預備期凝視球體，執行期凝視球拍與球體。四、接切球時，預備期凝視上半身與球體，執行期凝視球拍與球體時間最長，凝視次數預備期與執行期最高的位置是球體。前述所有接球技能之完成期，凝視時間與次數最高的位置皆為球體。結論：當對手球拍擊中球體前需凝視球拍，此時為觀察擊球方式與方向的最後時機。對手將球體擊出後凝視球體，此時球體不會再改變方向與型態，選手在訓練時宜增加重要位置的凝視時間。

關鍵字

凝視；視覺歷程；網球技能

並列摘要

Purpose: This study analyzed the visual behaviors of experienced tennis players while they performed the returns of serve, groundstroke, volley, overhead smash, lob shot, and slice. Method: Male players from college tennis teams at a high competitive level were recruited as participants. In the first experiment, 7 players participated in the experiment of returning of serve, while 10 players participated in the other five returning skills for the second experiment. The gaze behaviors on the upper body and the racket of the target server, as well as the ball sphere were recorded by a device of eye tracker. Then, the gaze duration and frequency were analyzed according to different stages of the target server's movement such as the preparing, performing, following-through stages. Results: While the players were returning services and strokes, the longest duration and highest frequency of the gaze fell on the upper body at the preparing stage and the grip at the performing stage. As returning volley and smash, the position of gaze mainly fell on the ball at the preparing stage. As returning lobs, the position of gaze was on the ball at the preparing stage as well as the grip and the ball were gazed at the performing stage. When returning slices, the positions of the gaze lied on the upper body and the ball at the preparing stage. At the following-through stage, the participants mostly gazed at the ball across all returning situations. Conclusion: It is important for tennis players to focus on their opponent's racket before it makes contact with the ball because that will be the last chance to observe the type and the direction of a stroke. After their opponent swings, players should shift focus to the ball because its form and direction won't change anymore. For improving anticipation ability, tennis players need to practice focusing on the right locations while training.