莊學修養論之實踐原則

The Principles of Practicing Zhuangzi's Theory of Self-Cultivation

曾孟珠(Tseng Meng Chu)

《高醫通識教育學報》 12期 (2017/12) Pp. 41-62

摘要

本文旨在詮釋莊學思想中經由生命個體的體悟，使虛心而應物，自然顯現體道證德者之修養工夫境界。依此，正文架構共分兩節：首先從「心知」與「成心」，談論是非兩行，齊物喪我之方法，使心得以靜養澄澈的關鍵。其次，由「養生」、「朝徹」、「心齋」中的三則寓言，分別為：(01)養親盡年的養生工夫：從庖丁解牛的故事，揭序「緣督以為經」之精髓，達至「可以保身，可以全生，可以養親，可以盡年」的原理與理境；(02)朝徹見獨的實踐步驟：從南伯子葵與女偊的寓言故事，悟得道之領域，在於「外天下」、「外物」、「外生」、「朝徹」、「見獨」後的實踐工夫；(03)唯道集虛的心齋修養：從顏回與仲尼的寓言故事中，提出修養之道在於待人處世的態度，顯現體道證德的形上工夫境界。最後，本文由修養的工夫並操作實踐原則，總覽全文論點，藉由莊學內篇闡明以虛心對待人世間，涵養作為自身自然存在的原理，自然與宇宙萬物契合，而復返兩忘天地間之道境，亦即〈齊物論〉「不齊而齊」的精神境界。

關鍵字

莊子 ； 道通為一 ； 適性逍遙 ； 天人合一 ； 死生一如

並列摘要

This paper aims to interpret the state of self-cultivation of those responding to natural things with an empty mind and naturally manifesting morality through the understanding of an individual being in Zhuangzi's philosophy. Accordingly, the paper is divided into two sections: First, it examines the two courses of right and wrong and the ways to achieve the equality of things and losing self and the keys to reach convalesce and crystal clearness from the ideas of ＂understanding of the mind＂ and ＂construction of the mind.＂ Second, it illustrates three allegories in ＂Nurturing of Life,＂ ＂Clearing the Mind as the Morning,＂ and ＂Fasting of the Mind.＂ (01) The nurturing of life through serving the parents and living out one's natural lifespan: To disclose the essence of ＂an accordance with the natural element of our nature＂ to achieve the principle and state of ＂to preserve the body, to maintain the life, to nourish our parents, and to complete our term of years＂ through the story of Carving up an Ox. (02) The steps to practice clearing the mind as the morning and seeing one's own individuality: To understand the field of ＂dao＂ as the practice after ＂to banish one's life from all worldly matters,＂ ＂to banish one's mind from all thought of men and things,＂ ＂to count one's life as foreign to oneself,＂ ＂to have one's mind as clear as the morning,＂ and ＂to see one's own individuality＂ through the allegory of Nan Bo Zi Kui and Nu Yu. (03) The cultivation of the fasting of the mind through freedom from all pre-occupation: Through the allegory of Yan Hui and Zhongni, it proposes that the way to self-cultivation lies in the attitudes of dealing with others in the world and manifests the metaphysical state of embodying dao and proving morality. Finally, this study overviews the whole argument through the ways to self-cultivation and the principles of practice. In terms of the idea of dealing with others in the world with an empty mind in Zhuangzi's Inner Chapters, this study demonstrates the theory of one's own natural being through physical, mental, and spiritual cultivation, the correspondence between nature and the universe, and the state of going back and forth between Heaven and Earth. That is, the spiritual state of ＂Equalizing Things through Inequality＂ in ＂Discussion of the Equality of Things.＂

並列關鍵字

Zhuangzi ； The Way of the Dao Makes All into One ； Wandering Beyond and Following One's Own Nature ； The Harmonious Oneness of the Universe and Man ； No Distinction between Death and Life