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羅爾斯政治自由主義的公民德性

The Civic virtues in Rawls's Political Liberalism

摘要


公民身份是當代最重要的政治哲學議題之一,在討論公民身份時,除了公民權利、公民義務、公民認同之外,公民德性亦是一個重要面向。在當代政治哲學中,筆者認為羅爾斯的公民德性理論對於解決當代多元社會紛爭有其重要意義。在價值分歧的多元社會中,由於人們抱持不同價值觀、人生觀、宗教觀,在許多重大議題上產生難解的爭議,因此如何在不同意見中形成共識,成為當代政治哲學的一個重要議題。羅爾斯於一九九三年發表《政治自由主義》,試圖為多元社會的整合提供一套哲學基礎。羅爾斯認為價值的分歧是當代社會的重要特徵,然而講理的公民能夠遵循「公共理性」的理念,形成「交疊共識」,支持一套「政治性正義觀」,作為規範社會基本結構的基礎。尤其在面對憲政核心爭議與基本正義問題時,講理的公民能夠擱置具爭議性的主張,根據同一套「政治性正義觀」所提供的政治價值與正義原則來解決爭議、凝聚共識、證成決策。筆者認為,在此過程中,不僅需要一套穩定可行的民主憲政制度,具有良好素質的公民也是實踐政治自由主義的重要關鍵。此外,筆者也認為在羅爾斯的理論中,論述了幾項重要的公民德性,包括:講理性、自主性、互惠性、公民素質、公共精神。這些公民德性是以「公共理性」為基礎所發展出來,這種自由主義式的公民德性,有助於證成政治共識、維繫社會穩定、促進公民友誼、深化政治文化。

並列摘要


Citizenship is one of the most important issues of modern political philosophy. In spite of civic right, civic duty, civic identity, civic virtue is also an important dimension of citizenship. In modern political philosophy, I think Rawls's theory of civic virtue is helpful for resolving disputes in a modern pluralistic society. Many conflicts arise from diverse religious, moral, and life values in modern society. Therefore, how to make a consensus between different conflict comprehensive doctrines is an important issue of modern political philosophy. Modern liberal philosopher John Rawls presents Political Liberalism 1993. In this great book, Rawls argues that, though value diversity is the fact of a modern democratic society, reasonable citizens would follow political conception of justice endorsed by the overlapping consensus between different kinds of comprehensive doctrines and resolve the deep conflicts about the issues of constitutional essentials and basic justice. The crucial point is that reasonable citizens will abide by the idea of public reason to deal with the problems. I think that citizen with mature civic virtues is also a core factor for practicing Rawls's idea of public reason. Especially, Rawls argues that reasonableness, autonomy, reciprocity, civility, public spirit are major civic virtues in political liberalism project. I argue that these liberal civic virtues are helpful for justifying political consensus, maintaining social stability, strengthening civic friendship, advancing political culture.

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