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Oral Health of Smokers and E-Cigarette Users: A Case-Control Study

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the oral health of cigarette smokers, ecigarette smokers, and non-smokers. This observational study involved 120 participants; 40 each in the control, cigarette, and e-cigarette groups respectively. Oral health examination was conducted according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Dental caries was evaluated using the DMFT index, while the periodontal parameters assessed using plaque, gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and calculus indices. The results from the 3 groups were compared using analysis of variance (MANOVA), the outcomes of which were significant for the Gingival Index (p = 0.000), Plaque Index (p = 0.012), and Bleeding Index (p = 0.001) of periodontal health. Post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction revealed significant differences in the Gingival Index between the control and cigarette groups (p = 0.001), as well as cigarette and e-cigarette groups (p = 0.000). Meanwhile, Bleeding Index was only significantly different between the control and e-cigarette groups (p = 0.001). For Plaque Index, significant differences were seen between the control and cigarette groups (p = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the other periodontal health parameters, as the p values of the Calculus Index and DMFT Index were 0.955 and 0.702 respectively. In conclusion, ecigarettes had potentially detrimental effects on oral health.

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The Clinical Efficacy of A Probiotic Miswak Oral Spray in Patients with Gingivitis

Aim: to compare the use of Miswak probiotic spray against using each individually in gingivitis patients. Methods and Results: A total of 80 patients with chronic gingivitis were randomly divided into four groups. Group A received an oral spray bottle containing a mixture of Miswak and probiotic, group B received a Miswak spray bottle, group C a probiotic spray bottle and group D a placebo spray bottle. All Patients were instructed to administer 12 puffs of the spray, two puffs per sextant, one on the vestibular side and one on the oral side of the tooth surfaces, twice daily and then swallow. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and Stain index (SI) were assessed at baseline, after 3 days, one week and two weeks. The Group A showed the highest mean percentage of change in PI, GI and SI with the least change for group D. No intergroup statistical significant difference was found at all time intervals. Conclusion: Combining Miswak and probiotic was more efficient in reducing plaque and gingivitis then using each component individually, however this reduction was not statistically significant.

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Influence of Curing Time and Color Shade on Diametral Tensile Strength of Bulk Fill Composite Resins

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of curing time and color shade of bulk fill composite resins on their diametral tensile strength (DTS). Two commercially available bulk fill composite resins, Beautifil Bulk Restorative® (Shofu, Japan; shade A and Universal) and Tetric N-Ceram ® bulk-fill (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein; shade IVA and IVW) were investigated. The discshaped specimens (3 mm of thickness; 6 mm of diameter) were divided into 3 subgroups for each shade according to curing time (10 s, 15 s, and 20 s). All specimens were polymerized using LED curing unit (Bluephase Style, 1200 mW/cm^2) and tested using Universal Testing Machine (Shimadzu, Japan) to determine the DTS. Data were statistically analyzed using Two Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD tests. The results showed that bulk fill composite resins with brighter color shades were statistically significant different (P＜0,05) than darker shades in DTS. There was an increase in DTS with increased curing time and was statistically different (P＜0,05). However, there was no statistically different interaction between curing time, and color shade. It can be concluded that color shade and increased curing time influence the diametral tensile strength of bulk fill composite resins.

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A Pilot Study of Grayscale Value to Differentiate Cavitated Carious Lesion from Non-cavitated Lesion

Grayscale value is an adjunct for the caries detection in some dental radiographs, due to its distinguishability of the cavitated carious lesion from the non-carious one. This study aims to confirm an effect of the grayscale intensity in the dental radiographs of demineralized enamel on the distinction of a carious lesion. Seventy-one freshly extracted premolar teeth (43 non-cavitated and 28 cavitated carious lesions) were clinically reviewed by visual and tactile examinations. Postradiography of all teeth with a bitewing technique, the mean grayscale values were calculated. Using a hard tissue macrotome, ground sections, 400 mm thick, were serially and mesio-distally cut in a parallel direction to each anatomical crown’s long axis and observed with a stereomicroscope. Intra-and inter-observer agreements were assessed with a Pearson correlation. Statistical scores and histological gold standard indicated the diagnostic ability. It was revealed that mean grayscale value of the non-cavitated lesion was significantly different from that of the cavitated one (p ＜ 0.05). Unlikely, mean grayscale of the non-cavitated lesion was not significantly different from that of the sound enamel (p ＞ 0.05).

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Salivary profile and periodontal condition in patients with heart disease under warfarin treatment

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in many countries. It refers to many conditions can be categorized into: electrical, circulatory and structural disorders. Warfarin drug is widely used anticoagulant medication for treatment of thrombosis and embolism. Patients on warfarin treatment are susceptible to bleeding and cannot perform oral hygiene practice properly therefore, periodontal diseases are commonly seen in those patients. The study was carried out on 42 individuals (22 with heart disease taking warfarin drug as case group and 20 healthy individuals as control group). Non- stimulated whole saliva samples were obtained by expectoration. Salivary flow rate was measured as ml/min, salivary C- reactive protein and albumin levels were measured by using auto- analyzer. Periodontal status was assessed by measurement of clinical attachment loss for both groups. The mean salivary flow rate was significantly lower in case group compared to healthy controls (P= 0.02). The mean salivary C reactive protein and albumin levels were significantly higher in the case group than the control group (p= 0.003). Clinical attachment loss was significantly higher in case group than controls (p＜ 0.001). Salivary flow rate decrease in patients with heart disease. Salivary C- reactive protein and albumin levels in addition to clinical attachment loss were increase in patients with heart disease using warfarin drug, so good oral hygiene instructions are necessary.

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Orthodontic Treatment After Unintended Unilateral Fixation Plate Removal Following Single-Jaw Orthognatic Surgery

A combination of orthodontic and orthognatic surgery was planned for a 18-year-old male with class III malocclusion, mandibular asymmetry, unilateral crossbite and open bite. After 10 month of pre-surgery orthodontic treatment, mandibular setback was done. Unexpectedly, two weeks later the right fixation plate were exposed intra-orally and had to be removed. Eventually, the return of mandibular assymetry and midline shifting were inevitable. This required an extensive post-surgery orthodontic treatment to distalize the right lower segment using miniscrew.

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Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis Associated with Amelogenesis imperfecta and its Multidisciplinary Managements Options: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) is characterized by ＂generalized rapid destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone which occurs in otherwise systemically healthy individuals generally of a younger age group but patients may be older. AmelogenesisImperfecta (AI) is a diverse collection of inherited diseases that exhibit quantitative or qualitative tooth enamel defects in the absence of systemic manifestations. Few case reports documented the association of aggressive periodontitis with Amelogenesis Imperfecta. This clinical case report describes multidisciplinary management for oral rehabilitation of a young female patient diagnosed as generalized aggressive periodontitis associated with Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy accompanying systemic antibiotics administration, GAgP patients showed decreased probing pocket depth, absence of bleeding on probing. In the six years follow-up radiographic examination after periodontal therapy, resolutions of the bony defects were observed. Full mouth rehabilitation were provided for this patient included constructions of crowns and bridge to preserve as much tooth tissue as possible while preventing further tooth loss, and to enhance esthetics and masticatory function. Recall examination revealed patient's esthetic and functional expectations were satisfied and no pathology was associated with the rehabilitation.

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Gender Based Comparison of the Relationships of Maxillary Anterior Teeth and Facial Measurements

The main purpose of this study was to compare the facial and teeth measurements and their relationships in male and female. A total of 200 medical and dental students (68 males and 132 females) participated in this study from March 2016 to July 2016. The studied facial measurements were bizygomatic width (BZW), inter-pupillary distance (IPD), mouth width (MW), nose width (NW), inner-canthi distance (ICD) and eye width (EW). Teeth measurements were measured from the study model made from each participant. Then, teeth measurements studied were central incisor width (CIW) and inter-canine distance (ICaD). Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 20.0 with the level of significance (α) = 0.05. Independent-Sample T test was used to compare the facial and teeth measurements between males and females. Independent-Samples T test revealed that there was significant difference in all the facial measurements (BZW, IPD, MW, NW, ICD and EW) and teeth measurements (ICaD and CIW) in males and females (p ＜0.05). Pearson Correlations show that significant correlation of the CIW with IPD, MW and EW. The study reveals that males have broader face, wide mouth, nose and eyes in comparison to females. It showed that all the measured facial measurements (BZW, IPD, MW, NW, ICD and EW) and teeth measurements (ICaD and CIW) were significantly greater in males than females (p ＜0.05). The ratios of ICaD/CIW in males and females were 4.46 and 4.45, respectively. These findings of this study help in the teeth selection and esthetic rehabilitation of maxillary anterior teeth in male and females.

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The Relationship of Mineral Fluor Exposure in Water with The Presence of Gingivitis (Study Case in Subdistrict of Tempe, Sengkang City, Wajo District)

Periodontal disease is a major disease of the oral cavity with a high prevalence, especially in a number of developing countries. Analyze the relationship of fluorine concentration in drinking water with gingivitis periodontal disorder (Case study in Subdistrict of Tempe, Sengkang City, Wajo District). The type and design of the research is explorative / cross-sectional research. Selection of research subjects was conducted by cluster sampling method first to determine the sample population of the sample to be sampled in Tempe Subdistrict. Data analysis was done by univariate, bivariate and advance analysis (ROC to determine cut off risk of fluorine concentration and Layer analysis to determine the magnitude of interaction variable) using the value of α 5%. The fluorine concentration was set at 0.020 through ROC calculations. Different fluorine concentration results shown in the analyzes performed on cooking water consumption showed a p value of 0.067, which means consumption of high fluorine concentrations evenly distributed across all sources of cooked water. The condition of gingivitis is relatively different based on age classification with most patients in stratum age＞ 40 years. However, a total significant relationship was found between fluorine concentration and gingivitis incidence (p = 0.04). Statistical analysis also showed a positive relationship between the OHIS condition of respondents and the incidence of gingivitis indicated by index gingivitis data. Interaction of severe OHI-S condition variables with high fluorine concentrations resulted in severe gingivitis of 43.1%. In high and medium fluorine stratum concentrations, the effect of OHIS is significant on gingivitis. Comparison of the interaction of two risk factors versus one risk factor shows comparison. There was a correlation between fluorine concentration and gingivitis, found an interaction between fluorine concentration with OHI-S to gingivitis effect and also found Cut off Point for fluor of 0.02 ppm.

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Antibacterial activity of gypsum-based biomaterial compared to calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement on streptococcus sobrinus: an in vitro study

Direct pulp capping (DPC) is initiated to preserve the healthy state of the pulp tissue that has been compromised by trauma, restorative procedures, or caries. It involves the application of a suitable dental material to seal communications between the oral cavity and the exposed pulp. DPC is challenging due to bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of gypsum-based biomaterial (Gyp- CHT) compared to Dycal (DYC) and Glass ionomer cement (GIC) on Streptococcus sobrinus. S. sobrinus were seeded on the surface of brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar. Gyp-CHT with various concentrations of chitosan (CHT), DYC, and GIC were then inserted in the wells of the agar. The diameter of the inhibition zones produced around the materials were measured after 48 hrs. Gyp-10%CHT has the highest antibacterial activity compared to DYC and GIC (p＜0.05). In addition, significantly decreased antibacterial activity (p＜0.05) was observed with Gypsum (Gyp) alone compared with 2.5%CHT, 5%CHT, and 10%CHT- containing Gyp. Gyp-CHT has potent antibacterial activity against S. sobrinus. Gyp-CHT is a promising candidate for use as a pulp capping material.