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物理治療/Formosan Journal of Physical Therapy

社團法人臺灣物理治療學會 & Ainosco Press,正常發行

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  • 期刊

背景與目的:臺灣人口老化,中風長者在急性醫療後,家庭支持度不足,長者常出現失能,增加後續照護成本,並造成家庭沉重負擔。國家透過健保支付改革,建立急性後期照護模式(post-acute care, PAC歲),治療黃金期給予加強式整合性照護,盡可能恢復行動能力,回歸家庭與社會。本研究腦中風急性後期個案,接受加強式物理治療後功能表現的改善。方法:2014~2018年,中部某地區教學醫院,腦中風急性後期個案共110人(男/女:63/47人),年齡68.85 ± 13.51歲(30~95歲)。個案在腦中風急性期時在其他醫學中心接受照護,急性後期照護則轉至由本研究之地區教學醫院負責。加強式物理治療照護為週一至週五,上、下午各接受1次神經物理治療。個案收案後3天內,以及結案前3天內,接受完整PAC評估。統計以配對t檢定比較接受加強式物理治療患者於收案與結案時,行動能力相關功能。結果:腦中風殘障程度(Modified Rankin Scale, MRS;收案:3.60 ± 0.54,結案:2.75 ± 0.79,p < 0.05)、柏格式平衡量表(收案:11.26 ± 12.06,結案:28.15 ± 14.46,p < 0.05)、5公尺行走速度(收案:21.93 ± 24.79 sec,結案:15.48 ± 15.36 sec,p < 0.05)與6分鐘行走距離(收案:93.38 ± 80.56 m,結案:175.76 ± 103.25 m,p < 0.05)皆有顯著改善,大多可於居家中使用輔具行動。結論:本文顯示加強式物理治療介入後,有效提升平衡能力、增加行走速度與心肺適能,顯著改善行動能力。臨床意義:腦中風患者藉由加強式物理治療介入,可顯著改善行動能力,預期可減輕家屬居家照顧上負擔,並改善個案回歸居家行動能力。

  • 期刊

背景與目的:2014年衛生福利部健保署試辦腦中風急性後期照護計畫,強調復健治療介入以改善活動功能。本研究的目的為分析腦中風患者接受急性後期照護計畫後復建的成效。方法:本研究為病歷回溯性研究。分析2014年2月到2017年8月分,中南部某教學醫院接受健保署腦中風急性後期照護計畫的301位患者。統計以描述性統計分析患者基本人口學、臨床特徵與相關評估資料,並以配對t檢定分析介入前後復健的成效。以變異數分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)分析不同日常生活依賴程度之間復健的成效。結果:301位患者接受急性後期照顧計畫,女性116位(38.54%),男性185位(61.46%),平均年齡為65.99 ± 12.39歲,入住急性後期病房後到出院平均天數約36.32 ± 20.76天。介入後巴氏量表(Barthel Index, BI)、柏格氏平衡量表(Berg Balance Scale, BBS)、傅格梅爾評估量表─感覺與動作(Fugl-Meyer Assessment sensory& motor)有統計學上顯著差異(p < 0.05)。比較不同日常生活依賴程度之間在巴氏量表、傅格梅爾評估量表─動作有統計學上顯著差異(p < 0.05)。結論:本研究發現復健治療訓練介入對於急性後期中風患者能改善日常生活功能、平衡能力、動作感覺之表現。臨床意義:腦中風患者接受急性後期照顧計畫之復健治療訓練介入,在日常生活功能、平衡能力、動作感覺的表現具有正面的療效。

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背景與目的:中風後行走功能的恢復是復健的重要目標之一,過去也有研究陸續發表與行走功能相關的預後因子,期盼能透過增加對於中風後行走功能的瞭解,提供病人適當的復健治療介入,並給予病人及照顧者合適的出院準備建議。過去研究發現在中風初期的坐姿平衡能力、站姿平衡能力、患側下肢動作功能等,可以用來預測病人中風六個月後的行走能力。然而,過去文獻也提及,中風病人動作與功能隨時間呈非線性的恢復狀態,且在中風病人中可能存在不同的恢復變化,但過去針對中風病人行走預後的研究,在研究設計上,常採用縱貫性研究只取兩個時間點的方式,或以族群的平均表示結果,較無法提供功能恢復隨時間變化的軌跡,以及族群中不同恢復變化等資訊。本研究有兩個目的:(1)分析中風病人行走功能隨時間變化的軌跡分組;(2)找出與中風病人行走功能恢復軌跡分組相關的因子。方法:本研究採用前瞻性世代研究設計,以連續性收案方式,納入從2017年7月1日開始至2017年12月31日,入住到臺中慈濟醫院復健科病房的個案,總共納入了22位受試者。從個案納入開始做初次的評估,評估內容包含平衡能力、患側下肢感覺與動作功能、行走功能等,並收集其他基本資料(例如:年齡、性別、中風類別、過去病史等)。後續每個月一次以功能性行走分級(Functional Ambulation Category, FAC)評估個案的行走功能恢復情形,直到中風發病後六個月,總共進行六次評估,再將收集到的數據,以群組化模型(group-based modeling)分析,將研究對象行走功能恢復隨時間變化的情形分組,並以羅吉斯迴歸模型分析與軌跡分組相關的因子。結果:本研究有幾點發現:(1)中風病人行走恢復的軌跡可分成兩組,「行走能力較差組」與「行走能力較佳組」分別占72.8%與27.2%,兩組的功能性行走分級雖然都會隨著時間而逐漸改善,但行走能力較差組到中風後六個月,只進步到在監督下行走;而行走能力較佳組,則進步到能在平坦地或不平路上獨立行走,且能獨立上下樓、上下坡;(2)在研究初評時,約中風發病後三週,伯格氏平衡量表(Berg Balance Scale)分數越高,其功能性行走恢復的狀態越傾向行走能力較佳組(Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.17; 95% 信賴區間 = 1.03 ~ 1.33)。結論:雖然中風病人的行走功能都會隨著時間進步,但進步狀態卻有不同的次群體存在,且平衡能力可以用來預測中風病人行走功能恢復軌跡。臨床意義:本研究結果可以做為臨床上評估病人預後參考,以利早期給予適合的出院準備計畫,此外,從研究結果也可以得知,如能早期加強病人的平衡能力對於行走能力的恢復可能有所助益。

  • 期刊

背景與目的:先前研究證實經顱直流電刺激與神經肌肉電刺激同時合併介入,可以誘發健康成年人的大腦皮質興奮性;然而,缺少研究探討這兩種刺激模式合併用於中風患者雙側大腦皮質區活化興奮之立即效應,本篇個案報告主要目的在於比較三種不同介入模式驗證經顱直流電刺激同時合併神經肌肉電刺激於慢性中風患者大腦皮質興奮活性之立即效應。方法:徵召一名59歲男性左側放射冠梗塞腦中風患者,病發時間六個月後,連續三天同一時間分別接受不同之介入模式,第一天為經顱直流電刺激合併假性神經肌肉電刺激(引起肌肉感覺之強度),第二天經顱直流電刺激合併神經肌肉電刺激(引起肌肉收縮之強度),第三天為假性經顱直流電刺激合併假性神經肌肉電刺激(引起肌肉感覺之強度),每次同時介入時間為30分鐘。經顱直流電刺激之電流強度設定為2 mA,採雙極刺激模式,陽極和陰極電極片分別置放於患側腦和健側腦的主要動作皮質區;神經肌肉電刺激引起肌肉收縮強度約17.5 mA,頻率50 pps,波寬200 μs,電極片置於患側之橈側伸腕肌及伸指總肌。在三種不同模式介入前和介入後使用單次脈衝經顱磁刺激評估雙側大腦之動作閾值(motor threshold)、動作誘發電位(motor evoked potential)及動作皮質活化區域(map size)變化量之立即效應。結果:第二天經顱直流電刺激合併神經肌肉電刺激介入後個案患側腦之動作閾值從64%降至60%、動作誘發電位從0.10 mV增至0.18 mV、動作皮質活化區域從8增至16點數;健側腦之動作閾值從65%增至68%、動作誘發電位從0.11 mV降至0.09 mV、動作皮質活化區域從13降至7點數。第一天經顱直流電刺激合併假性神經肌肉電刺激介入後受試者患側腦之動作閾值從65% 降至64%、動作誘發電位從0.12 mV增至0.13 mV、動作皮質活化區域從11增至15點數;健側腦之動作閾值從65%增至68%、動作誘發電位介入前後皆為0.1 mV、動作皮質活化區域介入前後皆為5點數。第三天假性經顱直流電刺激合併假性神經肌肉電刺激介入後個案患側腦之動作閾值從66% 增至67%、動作誘發電位介入前後不變皆為0.13 mV、動作皮質活化區域從11增至12點數;健側腦之動作閾值介入前後皆為66%、動作誘發電位介入前後為0.07 mV、動作皮質活化區域從11降至9點數。結論:初步結果顯示這位慢性期中風病人接受經顱直流電刺激同時合併神經肌肉電刺激介入30分鐘,比較能夠有效增加損傷大腦主要動作皮質區興奮性和降低健側腦之動作皮質區興奮性。臨床意義:經顱直流電刺激合併神經肌肉刺激介入模式可以提供未來中風患者上肢動作功能臨床復健治療之參考。

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背景與目的:雙重任務是指同時執行兩項任務以上,這些任務可分開執行且各自有明確目標,主要可分類為動作搭配動作任務(motor combine with motor task)及動作結合認知任務(motor combine with cognitive task)。執行雙重任務的能力對於日常生活是相當重要的,像是在擁擠的街道上逛街、邊走邊提著包包及邊走邊講電話等。雙重任務干擾(dual-task interference)意指同時執行兩項任務造成在單一或雙重任務表現變差,這樣的變化增加中風患者的跌倒風險及阻礙其回歸社區獨立生活。由此可知,提升執行雙重任務的能力對於中風患者有其重要性。過去研究著重於探討雙重任務的介入改善中風患者的行走速度、步態參數等,較少提及對於工具性日常生活的影響,因此本篇目的為探討雙重任務的訓練對於中風患者工具性日常生活功能之影響。方法:一位60歲中風發病四個月的女性,在功能性行走分類(Functional Ambulation Category)等級五,6分鐘行走測試413 m,達研究定義之社區行走標準(> 205 m),然而卻無法獨立於社區行走。經測試後發現:(1)行走速度的雙重任務干擾[(dual-task walking time-single-task walking time)/single-task walking time × 100%]為74%;(2)Lawton 工具性日常生活量表(Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living)中得分7,屬輕度失能(即上街購物、外出活動及家務維持需要他人監督至少量協助),需他人協助的項目皆屬於動作搭配動作的雙重任務。接受每週三次30分鐘的雙重任務訓練加上30 分鐘的常規物理治療,為期四週。雙重任務訓練內容:依個案評估情況個別設計(motor combine with motor task),包括跨越連續障礙合併動作任務(拋球、拿重物、端盤子);常規物理治療包含肌力、平衡及行走訓練。評估時間分別為治療前、治療後,主要評估測量參數為Lawton工具性日常生活功能及雙重任務干擾。結果:在為期四週的雙重動作任務訓練後,個案行走速度之雙重任務干擾降為31%,且在Lawton工具性日常生活量表得分為8,達完全獨立。結論:利用雙重任務介入,可改善中風患者雙重任務干擾的狀況及提升工具性日常生活功能之表現。臨床意義:中風患者回歸社區不僅需考慮行走速度、距離等,仍須納入雙重任務干擾的影響及工具性日常生活功能之表現。透過雙重任務的介入,則可讓上述問題獲得改善。

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Background and Purpose: Changes in interhemispheric activation balance after the occurrence of stroke have been postulated to impede the recovery of activities of daily living (ADL) among stroke patients. As a promising technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has gained much attention for its potential effects regarding restoration of motor function and ADL in cases of stroke. However, studies have reported inconsistent or conflicting results. The present systematic review investigates the effects of tDCS on ADL in stroke patients. Methods: Our literature search focused on tDCS studies that have investigated the effects on stroke patients' ADL. An initial search was carried out using the databases including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Amed, PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and airiti Library from May 2000 until June 2019. Keywords used including stroke, cerebrovascular accident, tDCS, and daily living. Studies were selected if met the following inclusion criteria: (1) studies on stroke patients, (2) multiple sessions of tDCS intervention, (3) assessment of the ADL before and after the intervention, (4) placebo-controlled study-design. The outcomes measures was ADL assessment by the Barthel index and functional independence measure. Two reviewers independently assessed the selected studies for bias and quality using the validated, reliable Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the PEDro scale respectively. Results: There were six articles were selected (N = 177, mean age = 57.2 ± 10.5). Additionally, studies included cases from onset to a range between 6.4 days and 18.5 months post-stroke. The PEDro scores ranged from 8 to 11 by the independent reviewers. These studies showed that subjects receiving tDCS (n = 89) had improvements in ADL ranging between 1.9% and 81.3% (average 34.3%) from baseline, while subjects receiving placebo-tDCS (n = 90) showed improvements in ADL ranging between 0% and 55.6% (average 18.0%) from baseline. Conclusion: This review shows the tDCS group had greater ADL recovery than the control group. Clinical Relevance: This study shows that the starting time of the intervention after stroke onset probably has a substantial impact on the efficacy of tDCS intervention, hence we suggest future studies could explore the efficacy in different timing of intervention.

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Background and Purpose: The framework of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) includes domains of body functions and structures, activities, participation, personal factors and social factors. The purpose of this case report is to share the application and clinical practice of the ICF model for a case with right posterior lateral medullary infraction. Methods: This 52 year-old male had hypertension with regular medical control. This time, he suffered right side weakness and severe vomiting. He was diagnosed as right posterior lateral medullary infraction and admitted for treatment. After condition stable, he was transferred for physical therapy. His major problems in the body function domain included vertigo, right diplopia, sensory deficits of right face and left extremities, ataxic gait, right hemiparesis; the problems in the activity and participation domains were insufficient walking performance and difficulties in reading and hand-eye coordination; the problems in the personal factors and social factors domains were unhealthy diet, smoking and alcohol drinking during work. In admission, this patient received physical therapy once a day, which included muscle strengthening, balance training, gait training, hand-eye coordination training, and health education for self-exercise and healthy diet. Results: After several months of physical therapy and medication, the patient almost completely recovered in body function, activity and participation domains. He walked independently with normal gait pattern and speed. Also, he demonstrated good balance function. His muscle strength over right lower extremity increased to grade 4. Despite mild sensory deficits over right face and left extremities, he was able to return to work by adjusting working pace and diet, quitting smoking and alcohol. Conclusion: The conditions of the patient with right posterior lateral medullary infraction improved in all domains of ICF model after physical therapy and medication. Clinical Relevance: The clinical features of posterior lateral medullary infraction vary dramatically, a detailed rehabilitation evaluation and treatment to meet the patient's needs are imperative. A progressive and individualized physical therapy intervention, combining with medication, helps patients improve their functions in all domains of ICF model and return to normal daily life as much as possible.

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Background and Purpose: Approximation is a basic principle for facilitation in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). It can be used to facilitate motion and stability. The patient with hemiplegia usually has flaccid extremities and cannot ambulate due to the inability to maintain knee extension in stance phase. Therefore, a gaiter is commonly used to maintain the affected knee in extension for bearing weight in stance phase. The purpose of this case report was to investigate the effect of approximation with a gaiter in a patient with left middle artery infarction and right hemiplegia. Methods: This case was an 82-year-old female with right hemiplegia and aphasia. She was afraid of weight-bearing over the affected side and did not dare to stand without hand support after 15 weeks of stroke onset. A gaiter was used to maintain knee joint in extension. First, the therapist brought the affected leg forward. Then, the therapist gave approximation to the affected leg when the patient moving the sound leg forward. At the same time, the therapist needed to keep the affected leg in a toe-out position to avoid ankle joint inversion during stance phase. Ambulation training was 15 min per day. The ambulation function, walking distance during training, and muscle tone of the right ankle joint were recorded. Results: Before ambulation training, her Brunnstrom's stage over the right side was II in the upper extremity and III in the lower extremity. Balance was good in static sitting, fair in dynamic sitting, and poor in static standing. The right ankle plantar flexor was hypertonic, and the Modified Ashworth Scale was 1+. This case completed 14 training sessions. At the 12th training session, the ankle joint excessive inversion during stance phase was improved, and the therapist did not need to keep the toe-out position. At the last training session, she could walk 30 m with quadricane, but she still needed a gaiter, and the therapist had to assist the affected leg weight-bearing and moving forward. Also, she needed assistance on the sound hand to give the timing to advance. The Modified Ashworth Scale of right ankle plantar flexor was lowered to 1. Conclusion: Approximation for facilitation is possible to regulate muscle tone of the ankle plantar flexor which could be applied to ambulation training. Clinical Relevance: It is efficient to integrate the basic principle of PNF in a task-oriented training.

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背景與目的:巴金森氏症(Parkinson disease, PD)是一漸進性的神經疾病,會造成動作表現障礙,其姿勢不穩和冰凍步態(freezing gait)將導致跌倒風險增加。Lee Silverman Voice Treatment(LSVT)BIG由Becky Farley與Gail Koshland提出,藉由改善自我感知(self-perception)增加巴金森氏症病人的動作幅度(amplitude),使其接近正常範圍。本篇以個案研究方式,針對一位罹患巴金森氏症的老年人,進行4週LSVT BIG介入,比較介入前後對個案平衡能力與日常生活功能表現的影響。方法:個案為1名84歲男性,罹患巴金森氏症2年(Hoehn & Yahr stage I),因平衡能力惡化且如廁後轉身常跌倒,至復健科門診接受每週2天,每天1小時的物理治療。LSVT介入原則包含(1)每一任務皆須強調增加動作的幅度;(2)用力大小(effort)以Borg自覺用力係數(Borg rating of perceived exertion)為基礎,要求個案執行任務時,需達到8~9分;(3)層次(hierarchy)於個案執行任務時,以動作幅度維持時間多寡做調整任務難易度;(4)塑形技巧(shaping techniques)則藉由影片方式(visual)或是治療師的手(tactile)引導個案執行任務,影片請個案執行任務後觀看自己動作表現;(5)鼓勵個案集中注意於感覺動作如何執行並轉移(carryover)至日常生活中,以利感覺再校準(sensory recalibration)。針對此個案,LSVT 介入動作如下:(1)最大持續動作:坐到站(坐姿下頭與身體前伸超過膝蓋並維持10秒再站起);(2)重複動作:側跨、兩腳前後站、兩腳前後站進行前後重心轉移;(3)功能性動作:繞椅子轉圈。本篇使用伯格氏平衡量表(Berg Balance Scale, BBS)、巴氏量表(Barthel Index, BI)、統一巴金森氏症評定量表(Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale III, UPDRS III)評估個案於4週介入前後的進步情況。結果:4週LSVT介入後,個案量表分數在前後測進展為BBS自33至43、BI自60至80、UDRS III自27至16;BBS和UPDRS III改善分數有達到過去研究定義之最小臨床差異改變,且如廁轉身未再發生跌倒。結論:4週的LSVT BIG介入,有效改善巴金森病人平衡及日常生活功能表現。臨床意義:臨床上,針對巴金森病人治療,常以代償策略介入,而LSVT BIG介入則能藉由提升病人的自我感知有效增加動作幅度,改善平衡及日常生活功能。

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背景與目的:軀幹是身體的中軸,使我們能維持直立姿勢、調整重心轉移、提供肢體活動或做出平衡反應時所需的穩定性。中風患者除了偏癱側的手腳功能受損外,也常伴隨軀幹無力及控制差的表現。過去研究顯示,中風患者的軀幹肌肉活化速度較慢、時序不同步、軀幹本體覺異常,進行坐姿前伸動作時,常出現骨盆往前傾斜較小、壓力中心點(center of pressure)位移較小、雙腳承重程度較少的問題。軀幹控制能力與平衡能力、行走速度、步態、日常生活功能有很大的相關性,且可作為中風患者住院天數長短及功能性能力表現的早期預測因子。針對中風患者的復健,常著重於肢體的誘發與功能性能力的促進,軀幹控制訓練則較少被強調,因此,本篇個案報告目的為探討軀幹運動訓練(trunk training exercise)對於不同階段中風患者之平衡與功能性能力恢復的成效。方法:共收取3位中風病人,發病時間分別為5、10、13個月,患側下肢動作皆為布朗斯壯階段(Brunnstrom stage)第四期,肌力介於fair-至fair,動態坐姿平衡佳,但動作表現不佳,動態站姿平衡尚可。平躺至坐起需輕至中度協助,坐到站需輕至中度協助,行走需密切看守(close guard)至輕度協助。軀幹損傷量表(Trunk Impairment Scale)分別為3、14、7分,柏格氏平衡量表(Berg Balance Scale)為6、42、28分,起立行走測試(timed up and go test)為102、24、29 sec。物理治療計畫為每次60分鐘、每週2次、為期8週的軀幹運動訓練,動作內容包含仰躺抬臀及上軀幹彎曲旋轉,坐姿軀幹彎曲伸直、側彎和伸取。結果:經過8週的軀幹運動訓練後,平躺至坐起及坐到站僅需監督至輕度協助,行走需監督至接觸性看守(contact guard)。軀幹損傷量表分別為5、18、10分,其中以動態次項目進步最多且動作過程中較少出現代償動作。柏格氏平衡量表為11、49、38分,起立行走測試為92、20、20 sec,且治療前後之分數差異皆達最小可偵測變化值(minimal detectable change)。結論:針對亞急性及慢性中風患者,軀幹運動訓練可增進軀幹動作表現、靜態和動態的平衡能力,以及從床上坐起、坐至站、行走的功能性能力。臨床意義:軀幹是連結與協調上下肢體的基礎,對於中風患者的復健介入,除了肢體動作的誘發外,也需強調軀幹控制訓練,若軀幹能提供好的穩定度,有助於上下肢張力正常化、避免不必要的代償動作、節省能量消耗,使功能性表現達最佳化,增加個案的生活獨立性並減輕照顧者的負擔。