隨著經濟發展,城市化和機動化帶來小客車等私有運具數量激增,世界各大都會區交通擁擠和環境問題日益嚴重。為能有效解決交通擁擠和空氣汙染問題,運輸需求管理的概念開始受到重視,道路擁擠收費制度係由此概念而生。一般道路使用者往往忽略自身產生之外部成本,導致其低估使用者成本;因此,藉由擁擠收費制度,期能達到「外部成本內部化」的目標。國內外已有不少擁擠訂價和政策相關研究,然而鮮少考慮臺灣交通環境特性的研究,臺灣地區的道路狀況係屬機車比例極高之混合車流,故本研究建立一符合混合車流特性之擁擠收費模型,且依動態擁擠費率之概念於不同時段交通狀況,針對都會區運輸走廊收取汽機車擁擠費。研究結果顯示執行擁擠收費制度後,道路交通狀況確實得到顯著改善,例如車輛旅行速率增加、旅行者節省旅行時間成本、碳排放量減少、減輕都市空氣汙染、公共運輸使用率也顯著提高,整體社會淨效益確實得到提升。本研究亦透過敏感度分析觀察各參數值對整體擁擠收費的影響,分析結果顯示:道路上小客車多寡為影響交通狀況的重要因子,而機車處於交通擁擠狀態時,擁擠費隨著機車數量上升而呈邊際遞增。本研究建立之模式以及分析結果可以作為政府針對混合車流訂定道路擁擠收費政策及相關措施之參考。
With the development of economy as well as urbanization and motorization, private motorized modes grow quickly. Traffic congestion and environment are getting worse in the cities all over the world. In order to solve these problems effectively, transport demand management has been widely applied. Congestion pricing is one of the promising strategies. Generally, road users ignore the external cost made by themselves, and therefore they underestimate their own user cost. Congestion pricing is one of the schemes for internalization of the external costs. There have been many studies on congestion pricing. However, these studies normally ignore the characteristics of mixed traffic flow with high proportion of motorcycles in Taiwan. This study aims to develop a congestion pricing model in which characteristics of mixed traffic are considered. The model is designed for a main corridor in metropolitan while a dynamic pricing scheme is applied for cars and motorcycles. The results show that the traffic condition can be improved obviously after implementing the congestion pricing policy. These improvement benefits include time saving and carbon emission reduction. The share of public transport is also enhanced significantly. Sensitivity analyses have shown that the quantity of passenger cars is the key factor influencing traffic condition and congestion pricing. It is also shown that congestion toll for motorcycles will marginally increase with the motorcycle flow. The model developed and research results could be a reference for public sector in planning and design of congestion pricing scheme and related policy.