貝舒（Mary McLeod Bethune）的教育思想，1904－1923

Ideology on Black Education of Mary McLeod Bethune in Her Early Years, 1904-1923

黃文齡(Wen-Ling Huang)

《輔仁歷史學報》 22期 (2009/01) Pp. 195-236

https://doi.org/10.29439/FJHJ.200901.0006

摘要

貝舒是著名的黑人教育家，在佛羅里達州成立德通納學校，實踐其教育理念。在學校的課程設計上，兼顧了黑人女性學生在心靈、道德與知識上全方位的需要。貝舒重視職業訓練課程與通識教育，增加知識面的廣度與多樣性，為黑人女性開啟另一扇大門。無論是推動職業訓練課程，或重視黑人女性教育，都是希望扭轉外界對於黑人女性的觀感，建立外在形象。但貝舒更重視黑人如何看待自己，透過強調歷史教育的重要性，讓黑人更瞭解自己的祖先，強化黑人的自信心，藉此教育黑人思考作為一個黑人的意義。在20世紀無論是種族隔離政策或南方進步主義者所進行的教育改革，黑人文化已經被邊緣化，而進步主義者又想透過教育傳遞，強力干預黑人的生活與思想。綜觀當時的環境氛圍，突顯了貝舒強調黑人歷史的重要性。在尋求種族認同的過程中，是一種感情的、非理性的立場，但重視黑人歷史不但將種族認同具體化，也是讓黑人重新認識自己種族的開始。因此從時代背景中，益發凸顯了貝舒教育理念的重要性。

關鍵字

貝舒 ； 德通納學校 ； 華辛頓 ； 杜包斯 ； 黑人歷史 ； 進步主義

並列摘要

Mary McLeod Bethune was a famous black educator who fulfilled her ideal by establishing the Daytona Educational and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls in Daytona Beach, Florida. To provide students a better education, she introduced elements such as spirituality, morality, and knowledge into curriculum. By highlighting comprehensiveness and diversity of both vocational and general education, she created a new passage for black females. Whether in promoting vocational training courses or emphasizing on black female education, Bethune strived hard to calibrate the stereotypes of black females. And what was concerned with the educator was how African Americans looked upon themselves; therefore, calling attention to history allowed blacks to re-familiarize their ancestors, build their confidence, and reexamine their identities as African Americans. Black culture had long been marginalized as a result of racial segregation and educational reforms that were conducted by the Southern Progressives who imposed their value on colored people. Although seeking racial identification was emotional, it was history that rationalized/concreted the process of identification, and reoriented blacks to their own origins. Under a social-historical context, Bethune signified not only the importance of black history but also her devotion toward black female education.

並列關鍵字

Mary McLeod Bethune ； Daytona Institute ； Booker T. Washington ； W.E.B. Du Bois ； black history ； Progressivism

參考文獻

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Bethune, M. M. (1935). The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History: Its contributions to our modern life. Journal of Negro History, 20, 4: 406-410