神聖的解放─從中共革命時期到毛澤東時代的宗教政策操作之思考

本文的論述重點集中在對中共於革命時期與毛澤東時代的宗教政策背後所抱持的心態與意涵做探討，認為中共在建政前為了革命的需要，擱置意識型態上的隔閡與宗教建立統一戰線關係。然而在建政後，中共對宗教的種種壓制與迫害不只是來自於與宗教在意識型態上的隔閡，更重要的是中共將宗教視為社會主義改造的一環，並由此進行種種改造與解放運動，對宗教的壓制與迫害也是由此認知下開展的。在毛澤東的認知裡，基於「社會主義新人」或「社會主義身體」建構的理念，必須讓人民從「宗族」與「封建」乃至是「宗教」的範疇中解放出來，這種解放必須通過「整風」的方式來達到，就如毛澤東在延安時期的操作一般。毛澤東在革命時期由於革命需要，因此將宗教政策的重點放在統一戰線的操作上，但是當建政成功以後，毛澤東企圖通過一連串的整風和改造運動來解放人民群眾，宗教也成為被解放的對象。這種通過整風和改造的方式來解放宗教的過程，對宗教而言就形成一種壓制或迫害的表現。

關鍵字

宗教；神權；解放；整風

並列摘要

This article focuses on exploring the meaning and mentality of CCP's religious policies in the revolutionary period and under Mao Zedong's leadership. It argues that CCP intentionally ignored the ideological gap to build the united front with religions out of the needs of revolution. Nonetheless, after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the CCP government turned to persecute regions not only because there were great ideological differences but also because the CCP believed that regions should be integral part of social reform. In fact, many reforms and liberalization as well as persecution of religions were driven by this understanding.In Mao Zedong's understanding, to liberalize people from ”religions” and ”feudalism” out of the idea of the ”New Socialist People” or ”Socialist Body.” This liberalization has to be achieved by ”changing customs,” the way Mao Zedong maneuvered in Yenan Period. In the revolutionary period, Mao promoted a united front with religions out of the needs of revolution. After the establishment of PRC, however, Mao tried to liberalize people by launching a series of reforms and ”changing customs.” Religions became the object of liberalization. The process of reforms and ”changing customs” in religions resulted in the persecution of religions.